021 玛丽·居里：发现放射性

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Marie Curie is one of the most famous scientists who ever lived

玛丽·居里是有史以来最著名的科学家之一。

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A brilliant physicist, she was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize

她是一位杰出的物理学家，是第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女性，

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and the only woman to win Nobel Prizes in two different fields — physics and chemistry

也是唯一一位在两个不同领域——物理学和化学——都获得诺贝尔奖的女性。

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Marie was born Maria Sklodowska on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland

玛丽于1867年11月7日出生于波兰华沙，原名玛丽亚·斯克沃多夫斯卡。

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Education was very important in her family, and little Manya, as her parents called her, had an amazing memory

她的家庭非常重视教育，而父母昵称的小玛尼娅有着惊人的记忆力。

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Her father was a math and physics teacher who often showed scientific equipment to his children and read classics out loud to them

她的父亲是一名数学和物理教师，常向孩子们展示科学仪器，并为他们朗读经典作品。

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Manya worked hard at school and graduated early, around the age of 16

玛尼娅在校学习刻苦，约16岁时便提前毕业。

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Manya and her sister, Bronya, wanted to continue their studies, but back then, women were not admitted to universities in Poland

玛尼娅和姐姐布罗尼娅都想继续深造，但那时波兰的大学不招收女性。

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For awhile they participated in a " floating university,"

有一段时间，她们参加了一个“流动大学”，

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a secret organization that met in different locations each night to provide education and discuss politics

这是一个每晚在不同地点聚会的秘密组织，提供教育并讨论政治。

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Eventually Manya and Bronya decided to go to Sorbonne University in Paris, France

最终，玛丽和勃洛尼亚决定去法国巴黎的索邦大学。

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There was one problem — they were quite poor

有一个问题——她们相当穷。

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So the sisters made a plan. Bronya went to Paris first, to study medicine, while Manya stayed in Poland to work and help pay for Bronya's education

于是姐妹俩制定了一个计划。勃洛尼亚先去巴黎学医，而玛丽留在波兰工作，帮勃洛尼亚攒学费。

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Later Bronya could use her earnings to help pay for Manya's education

之后，勃洛尼亚可以用她的收入来帮玛丽付学费。

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Manya worked as a tutor and governess, reading about physics and chemistry in her spare time

玛丽做着家教和女家庭教师的工作，在空闲时阅读物理和化学方面的书籍。

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Six years after Bronya left for Paris, she finally sent good news

勃洛尼亚去巴黎六年后，终于传来了好消息。

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Bronya was a doctor now and could help pay for Manya's education

勃洛尼亚现在成了医生，可以资助玛丽上学了。

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In November 1891 Manya registered at the Sorbonne using " Marie," the French version of her name. Marie's time there was not easy

1891年11月，玛丽用她名字的法语版本"玛丽"在索邦大学注册。玛丽在那里的时光并不轻松。

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She was always busy with her studies, and she hardly slept

她总是忙于学业，几乎不怎么睡觉。

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Sometimes she even forgot to eat! But Marie's hard work paid off

有时她甚至会忘记吃饭！但玛丽的勤奋付出得到了回报。

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After three years she earned a master's degree in physics and graduated first in her class

三年后，她获得了物理学硕士学位，并以全班第一的成绩毕业。

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The following year she earned another degree — this time, in mathematics

第二年，她又获得了一个学位——这次是数学学位。

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In 1894 Marie was working on a research project and needed a laboratory to conduct scientific tests

1894年，玛丽正在进行一项研究项目，需要一间实验室来进行科学实验。

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A friend told her about Pierre Curie, a young physicist who had a large laboratory to share

一位朋友向她介绍了皮埃尔·居里，一位年轻的物理学家，他有一个大实验室可以共享。

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Smart, intense, and passionate about physics, he was a perfect match for Marie

他聪明、专注，对物理学充满热忱，正是玛丽的完美伴侣。

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They were married in July 1895. Pierre was working on his doctorate in physics and taught part-time, so the couple did not have much money

他们于1895年7月结婚。皮埃尔当时正在攻读物理学博士学位并兼职教书，所以夫妇俩手头并不宽裕。

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For their honeymoon they bought two bicycles and then rode around the village where they'd gotten married!

他们买了两辆自行车当作蜜月旅行，就在他们结婚的村庄附近骑行了一圈！

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Marie knew she wanted to earn a doctorate degree

玛丽知道自己想攻读博士学位。

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Until then no woman in France had ever earned a doctorate

在那之前，法国还从未有过女性获得博士学位。

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First Marie needed to decide upon a research topic for her degree

首先，玛丽需要为她的学位选定一个研究课题。

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She eventually decided to continue the work of a French scientist named Henri Becquerel

她最终决定继续一位名叫亨利·贝克勒尔的法国科学家的研究工作。

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A physicist, Becquerel had found that rocks containing uranium give off light, or rays

作为物理学家，贝克勒尔发现含铀的岩石会发出光，或者说射线。

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Marie was interested in this unusual phenomenon, and she wanted to learn more about it

玛丽对这个不寻常的现象很感兴趣，想进一步了解它。

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Marie's experiments led her to the idea that this phenomenon comes from changes in the atoms that make up the rocks

玛丽的实验让她得出一个想法：这种现象源于构成岩石的原子的变化。

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Her discovery was a new idea — until then scientists had believed that atoms could not change their form. Marie called the phenomenon " radioactivity."

她的发现是一个全新的概念——在此之前，科学家们都相信原子不能改变其形态。玛丽将这种现象命名为"放射性"。

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Pierre eventually became immersed in her research too

皮埃尔最终也全心投入到她的研究中。

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They investigated whether other matter had radioactivity

他们研究其他物质是否具有放射性。

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In the course of their work, the couple discovered two new elements:

在研究过程中，这对夫妇发现了两种新元素：

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polonium, which Marie named after her beloved Poland, and radium, named after the Latin word for rays

钋，玛丽以她深爱的波兰为其命名；以及镭，名字取自拉丁语中表示射线的词。

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The scientists worked hard, and often in poor conditions, as their laboratory was not properly insulated

这两位科学家工作勤奋，且条件常常很差，因为他们的实验室没有妥善的隔热设施。

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They frequently felt sick and tired. The Curies did not know that the radioactive rays were actually very bad for their health

他们经常感到不适和疲倦。居里夫妇不知道，放射性射线实际上对他们的健康非常有害。

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Exposure to radioactive materials can cause many illnesses

接触放射性物质会导致许多疾病。

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In 1903 Marie published her discoveries on radioactivity with great success

1903年，玛丽成功发表了关于放射性的发现。

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She also learned that she and Pierre were being given one of the highest awards in scienceㅡthe Nobel Prize for Physics

她还得知，她和皮埃尔将被授予科学界的最高奖项之一——诺贝尔物理学奖。

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They shared this prize with Henri Becquerel

他们与亨利·贝克勒尔共同获得了这个奖项。

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On April 19, 1906, the Curies' partnership ended tragically

1906年4月19日，居里夫妇的合作以悲剧告终。

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While crossing the street, Pierre was run over by a horse-drawn carriage, and died instantly

皮埃尔在过马路时，被一辆马车撞倒，当场身亡。

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Marie was devastated, but she believed she had to carry on with her work

玛丽悲痛欲绝，但她坚信必须继续自己的工作。

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She started teaching at the Sorbonne, becoming the university's first female professor

她开始在索邦大学任教，成为该校第一位女教授。

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And she began researching ways to use radium to benefit others

并且，她开始研究如何利用镭来造福他人。

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During World War I Marie focused on expanding the use of x-ray machines to diagnose medical conditions

第一次世界大战期间，玛丽专注于推广使用X光机来诊断伤病情。

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She trained nurses to use them, and with the help of the French government, she also created " little Curies."

她培训护士使用它们，并在法国政府的帮助下，还制造了"小居里"。

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These were portable x-ray machines that could be used to examine wounded soldiers immediately, on the battlefield

这些是便携式X光机，可以在战场上立即用于检查受伤的士兵。

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After the war ended, Marie's health worsened

战争结束后，玛丽的健康状况恶化了。

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Exposure to radioactive materials was increasingly damaging her health, but she kept working

接触放射性物质对她的健康损害日益严重，但她仍坚持工作。

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She even received another Nobel Prize, this time for chemistry, becoming the first person — and only woman — to receive two Nobel Prizes

她甚至又获得了一项诺贝尔奖，这次是化学奖，成为第一位——也是唯一一位——两度获得诺贝尔奖的女性。

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Her health never improved, and Marie died in 1934 at the age of 66

她的健康从未好转，玛丽于1934年去世，享年66岁。

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Marie Curie's discoveries helped to create many of today's technologies

玛丽·居里的发现有助于创造出今天的许多技术，

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such as the use of radioactivity to treat cancer, make electricity, and produce heat

例如利用放射性来治疗癌症、发电和产生热量。

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Her work has greatly influenced the way we live, and it paved the way for other scientists to make other discoveries

她的工作极大地影响了我们的生活方式，并为其他科学家做出新发现铺平了道路。