019 郁金香风靡奥斯曼帝国

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Laurie and Grandpa were reading quietly together on the couch, when Laurie suddenly jumped up

劳丽和爷爷正一起安静地在沙发上读书，这时劳丽突然跳了起来。

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" I almost forgot! Our teacher gave us each a tulip bulb today

“我差点忘了！老师今天给了我们每人一个郁金香鳞茎。

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She said if we plant it now, it should bloom in the spring." Laurie reached into her backpack

她说如果现在种下去，春天就会开花。”劳丽把手伸进书包里。

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" Perfect. I was just reading some poetry by an eighteenth-century Turkish poet," Grandpa said, smiling dreamily

“太好了。我刚才正好在读一首18世纪土耳其诗人的诗，”爷爷说道，如梦似幻地微笑着。

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Laurie stared at her grandpa." I said I got a tulip bulb today."

劳丽盯着爷爷。“我说我今天拿到了一个郁金香鳞茎。”

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Grandpa turned to her with the dreamy smile still on his face

爷爷转向她，依然面带梦幻般的微笑。

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" Do you know where tulips come from?" he asked

“你知道郁金香是从哪里来的吗？”他问道。

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" Holland?"

“荷兰吗？”

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" Nope. Turkey. And the word ' tulip ' comes from the Turkish word for turban because tulip bulbs and buds look like turbans, don't they?"

“不对。是土耳其。而且‘tulip’这个词来源于土耳其语中的头巾，因为郁金香的鳞茎和花苞看起来像头巾，不是吗？”

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Laurie smiled as she examined the bulb in her hand." You're right!"

劳丽一边端详手里的鳞茎，一边笑着说。“你说得对！”

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" The period from 1718 to 1730 is known in Ottoman history as the Tulip Era

“1718年到1730年这段时期，在奥斯曼历史上被称为郁金香时代。

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It was a time of peace for the Turkish Ottoman Empire, when the arts, culture, and architecture flourished

那是土耳其奥斯曼帝国的一个和平时期，艺术、文化和建筑都蓬勃发展。

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And — your bulb reminded me of this — tulip mania swept over the empire

还有——你的鳞茎提醒了我——当时郁金香热潮席卷了整个帝国。

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Everyone, including the ruler, Sultan Ahmed III, was absolutely obsessed with tulips."

所有人，包括统治者苏丹艾哈迈德三世，都完全痴迷于郁金香。”

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" How funny," Laurie said." So is a sultan like a king?"

“真有趣，”劳丽说。“那么苏丹就相当于国王吗？”

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" Yes, a sultan is the ruler of a Muslim empire

“是的，苏丹是穆斯林帝国的统治者。

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The Ottoman Empire began in 1300 when a Muslim prince named Osman claimed a small area of land in western Turkey

奥斯曼帝国始于1300年，当时一位名叫奥斯曼的穆斯林亲王占领了土耳其西部的一小块土地。

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Osman fought to expand his territory, and after he died, his son continued the expansion

奥斯曼通过征战扩张领土，他去世后，他的儿子继续扩张。

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Many years and many wars later, the Ottoman Empire had conquered neighboring Muslim dynasties in the Middle East

许多年及多次战争之后，奥斯曼帝国征服了中东地区的邻国穆斯林王朝，

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and most of the Eastern Roman Empire too

也征服了东罗马帝国的大部分地区。

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By the seventeenth century, the Ottomans controlled parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia

到了十七世纪，奥斯曼人控制着欧洲、非洲和亚洲的部分地区。

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And the empire was always ruled by a sultan who was a male descendant of Osman

帝国始终由一位苏丹统治，这位苏丹是奥斯曼的男性后裔。

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Sultans had luxurious lives. They lived in the best houses, wore the finest clothes, and ate the most delicious foods in the empire

苏丹们过着奢华的生活。他们住最好的房子，穿最精美的衣服，吃帝国内最美味的食物。

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They were also extremely sheltered from their people

他们与民众也极度隔绝。

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In the 1400s Sultan Mehmed II conquered the city of Istanbul, made it the capital, and ordered a huge palace to be built there

15世纪时，苏丹穆罕默德二世征服了伊斯坦布尔城，将其定为首都，并下令在那里建造一座巨大的宫殿。

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The palace was called Topkapi. It was like a mini city, with multiple buildings, courtyards, mosques, and towers

这座宫殿叫托普卡帕宫。它就像一座迷你城市，内有众多建筑、庭院、清真寺和塔楼。

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This huge palace kept the sultan almost completely separated from his officials, soldiers, and subjects

这座巨大的宫殿几乎将苏丹与他的官员、士兵和臣民完全隔离开来。

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But things change from generation to generation, and in the 1700s Sultan Ahmed III didn't like feeling locked up in stuffy, old Topkapi

但世世代代都在变化，到了18世纪，苏丹艾哈迈德三世不喜欢被关在沉闷老旧的托普卡帕宫里的感觉。

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He loved to celebrate and have parties

他喜欢庆祝和举办派对。

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And he wanted to do this outside the palace. His grand vizier at the time — "

他想在宫殿外做这些。当时他的大维齐尔——”

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" What's a grand vizier?" Laurie interrupted

“大维齐尔是什么？”劳丽插话问道。

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" The grand vizier was the highest official in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan

大维齐尔是奥斯曼帝国里仅次于苏丹的最高官员。

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He represented the sultan and was also the ruler's main adviser

他代表苏丹，同时也是这位统治者的首席顾问。

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The grand vizier was so important that only the sultan could hire or fire him

大维齐尔如此重要，以至于只有苏丹才能任命或罢免他。

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So the grand vizier suggested that the sultan build new royal palaces, along with mosques and public fountains that could be enjoyed by everyone

于是这位大维齐尔建议苏丹建造新的皇家宫殿，以及清真寺和能让所有人享用的公共喷泉。

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Not only would this make the sultan happy, but it would make him popular!

这不仅会让苏丹开心，还会让他大受欢迎！

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You've heard of the French Palace of Versailles, haven't you?"

你听说过法国的凡尔赛宫，对吧？

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" Yep. Marie Antoinette lived there!" Laurie said, proud to know something important

“知道。玛丽·安托瓦内特就住在那儿！”劳丽说，为自己知道些重要的事而自豪。

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" Apparently Sultan Ahmed III was fascinated by the culture of Versailles

显然苏丹艾哈迈德三世对凡尔赛宫的文化非常着迷。

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He had heard of the fancy parties and great banquets there

他听说了那里奢华的宴会和盛大的宴席。

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He wanted to bring a bit of that to the Ottoman Empire

他想把那种文化也带到奥斯曼帝国来。

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So he built fountains and mosques that could be lit up at night

于是他修建了夜晚也能点亮的喷泉和清真寺。

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And he built a new palace with beautiful gardens

他还建造了一座带有美丽花园的新宫殿。

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The gardens were of course filled with tulips —

花园里当然种满了郁金香——

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tulips with round petals, tulips with pointed petals, tulips with brilliant yellow petals, and tulips streaked red and purple

有圆花瓣的郁金香，尖花瓣的郁金香，明黄色花瓣的郁金香，还有红紫相间带条纹的郁金香。

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Acrobats and entertainers performed in these gardens, while artists sketched, and poets wrote beneath the stars

杂耍艺人和表演者在这些花园里献艺，同时画家们写生，诗人们在星空下创作。

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And sometimes, on really special nights, the royal gardeners strapped candles onto the backs of turtles and released them in between the rows of tulips

有时候，在特别特别的夜晚，皇家园丁会把蜡烛绑在乌龟背上，再把它们放归到郁金香花丛间。

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The colorful flowers were illuminated all night."

五颜六色的花朵整晚都被照亮着。”

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" That sounds like fun," Laurie said." Were kids allowed to go?"

“听起来真有趣，”劳丽说。“小孩子也可以去吗？”

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" I'm sure the royal children were. At least until their bedtime

“皇家的孩子肯定可以。至少在他们睡觉时间之前是可以的。

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Sounds like a happy time to be living in the Ottoman Empire, doesn't it?" Grandpa asked

“听起来生活在奥斯曼帝国是个快乐的时期，对吧？”爷爷问。

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" Only if you're invited to the parties!" Laurie said

“那也得收到派对邀请才行啊！”劳丽说。

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" Clever girl," Grandpa said, nodding." Naturally the entire empire was not invited

“聪明的姑娘，”爷爷点点头说，“自然不是整个帝国的人都受邀了。

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And even though it was one of the wealthiest periods in Ottoman history, not everyone enjoyed such luxury

尽管那是奥斯曼历史上最富庶的时期之一，也并非人人都享受这种奢华。

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Peasants who were struggling to earn a living each day were unhappy. And so were the janissaries."

每日艰难度日的农民很不满，禁卫军也是如此。”

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" Who were the janissaries?" Laurie asked

“禁卫军是什么人？”劳丽问。

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" They were the Ottoman Empire's soldiers. During the empire's periods of conquest, they were quite respected

“他们是奥斯曼帝国的士兵。在帝国四处征战的时期，他们很受尊敬。

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But in peace time, they didn't have anything to do!

但在和平时期，他们无事可做！

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Some became gardeners or craftsmen, and others became restless

有些人成了园丁或工匠，另一些人则变得不安分起来。

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Eventually war broke out in the 1720s on the empire's borders with Iran

最终在18世纪20年代，帝国与伊朗的边境爆发了战争。

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Ottoman troops went to Iran, but they failed to settle anything, and the Ottomans lost some territory

奥斯曼军队开赴伊朗，但未能解决任何问题，反而丧失了一些领土。

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Unhappy with the sultan's weak military response, a group of janissaries revolted

一队禁卫军对苏丹软弱的军事应对感到不满，发动了叛乱。

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The sultan was forced to resign and had the grand vizier executed

苏丹被迫退位，并处死了大维齐尔。

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For a few weeks, there was chaos as the rebels burned palaces and destroyed signs of excess wealth

接连几周，叛军焚烧宫殿、摧毁奢靡之物，帝国陷入混乱。

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Finally the new sultan, Mahmud, put an end to the rebellion, but the happy times were over

最后，新任苏丹马哈茂德平息了叛乱，但快乐时光也到此结束。

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Mahmud was occupied with wars against Iran and Russia for the rest of his reign, and didn't have much time for fancy garden parties."

马哈茂德在余下的统治时期忙于与伊朗和俄罗斯作战，再也没有多少时间办那些华美的花园派对了。”

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" No more tulips for the Ottoman Empire?" Laurie asked, looking down at the bulb in her palm

“奥斯曼帝国再也没有郁金香了吗？”劳丽看着掌心的鳞茎问道。

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" Well, tulips are still a pride of Turkey and appear in lots of Turkish art

“唔，郁金香至今仍是土耳其的骄傲，出现在大量土耳其艺术作品中。

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We could call them a legacy of Sultan Ahmed III's reign."

我们可以把它称作苏丹艾哈迈德三世统治时期的一笔遗产。”

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Laurie put the bulb on top of her head

劳丽把鳞茎顶在头上。

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" I'm going to go plant my turban now," she said, giggling." See you later, Grandpa."

“我这就去种我的头巾啦，”她咯咯笑着说，“回头见，爷爷。”