020 俄罗斯荒原的早年岁月

旁白 neutral

Grandpa heard Laurie in the hallway humming a tune from Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite

爷爷听到劳里在走廊里哼着柴可夫斯基《胡桃夹子》组曲的一段旋律。

旁白 neutral

Laurie skipped into the study." Oh, Grandpa, you should have come with Mom and Dad and me! The Nutcracker ballet was so good!"

劳里蹦蹦跳跳地进了书房。“哦，爷爷，你真应该跟我和爸爸妈妈一起去的！《胡桃夹子》芭蕾舞剧太棒了！”

旁白 neutral

" I wish I could have. But I had a lot of work to do, Laurie." Grandpa smiled warmly

“我也希望能去。但我有很多工作要做，劳里。”爷爷温暖地笑了笑。

旁白 neutral

" What's that you've got?" He pointed to the colorful book Laurie was holding

“你拿的是什么？”他指着劳里手里那本色彩鲜艳的书。

旁白 neutral

" They were selling this at the theater

“这是在剧院里卖的。

旁白 neutral

It retells the story of the Nutcracker and has photos from the ballet

它重新讲述了《胡桃夹子》的故事，还有芭蕾舞剧的照片。

旁白 neutral

Look!" She showed Grandpa a picture of a ballet dancer in a pink tutu

看！”她给爷爷看一张照片，上面是一位穿着粉色芭蕾舞裙的舞者。

旁白 neutral

" I saw her dance today!" She pointed to a male dancer in a large, furry black hat." He was my favorite!"

“我今天看到她跳舞了！”她又指着一个戴着毛茸茸大黑帽子的男舞者。“他是我最喜欢的！”

旁白 neutral

" Ha! The Cossack dancer!"

“哈！那个哥萨克舞者！”

旁白 neutral

" I think they called him the Ukrainian dancer. He did amazing jumps!"

“我想他们叫他乌克兰舞者。他跳得可惊人了！”

旁白 neutral

" Yes, the Cossacks, or the horsemen of the wild steppes, as they are sometimes called, are well-known for their energetic dancing!

“是的，哥萨克人，有时也被称作荒野草原上的骑手，以他们充满活力的舞蹈而闻名！

旁白 neutral

They were a rough group of nomadic fighters who lived in the unsettled land between the Volga, Don, and Dnieper Rivers of modern-day Russia and Ukraine."

他们是一群粗犷的游牧战士，生活在今天的俄罗斯和乌克兰境内，伏尔加河、顿河和第聂伯河之间的荒原上。”

旁白 neutral

" Fighters! Actually the dancer did have a sword." Laurie remembered

“战士！那个舞者确实佩了一把剑。”劳里回忆道。

旁白 neutral

" It was fake though. What were they fighting for?"

“不过是假的。他们为什么而战呢？”

旁白 neutral

" Well, many of them fought for Russia, who was trying to gain control over that area

“嗯，他们中许多人为俄罗斯而战，当时俄罗斯正试图控制那片区域。

旁白 neutral

Russia is huge now, isn't it? But like many other countries, it started out small and fought a lot to gain its territory

现在的俄罗斯很大，对吧？但和许多其他国家一样，它起初也很小，并且通过大量征战获得了领土。

旁白 neutral

Way back in the 800s, royal Viking families began to form states and cities around those three rivers

早在公元800年代，维京王族就开始在那三条河流附近建立国家和城市。

旁白 neutral

One of the first states to be established was called Kievan Rus

最早建立的国家之一叫做基辅罗斯。

旁白 neutral

From the ninth century to the twelfth century, Kievan Rus grew to become the largest, wealthiest state in the area."

从九世纪到十二世纪，基辅罗斯逐渐发展成为该地区最大、最富庶的国家。”

旁白 neutral

" Does the name ' Russia ' come from ' Kievan Rus'?" Laurie asked

“‘俄罗斯’这个名字是从‘基辅罗斯’来的吗？”劳里问道。

旁白 neutral

" It does! But it wasn't Russia yet. In the 1200s Genghis Khan and the Mongols invaded

“没错！但那时还不叫俄罗斯。13世纪，成吉思汗和蒙古人入侵了。

旁白 neutral

Kievan Rus remained part of the Mongol Empire until the late 1400s

基辅罗斯一直是蒙古帝国的一部分，直到15世纪末。

旁白 neutral

Then a prince from the rich trading city of Moscow organized the local people to resist Mongol rule

后来，一位来自富裕贸易城市莫斯科的王公组织当地人民反抗蒙古统治。

旁白 neutral

This prince was named Ivan III. Later, because he had freed his people from the Mongols, he became known as Ivan the Great."

这位王公名叫伊凡三世。后来，因为他将人民从蒙古人手中解放出来，他被称为伊凡大帝。”

旁白 neutral

" So now was it Russia?" Laurie wanted to know

“那么现在它叫俄罗斯了吗？”劳里想知道。

旁白 neutral

" Sure, now we can finally start calling it Russia

“当然，现在我们终于可以开始称它为俄罗斯了。

旁白 neutral

We could even call it the Russian Empire because Ivan IV — Ivan the Great's grandson — named himself Russia's first czar in 1547

我们甚至可以称它为俄罗斯帝国，因为伊凡四世——伊凡大帝的孙子——在1547年自封为俄罗斯的第一位沙皇。

旁白 neutral

Ivan the IV was a strong ruler who conquered lots of territory for Russia

伊凡四世是一位强有力的统治者，他为俄罗斯征服了大片领土。

旁白 neutral

But he is remembered as Ivan the Terrible because his rule was also one of the bloodiest in Russian history

但他以“伊凡雷帝”之名被记住，因为他的统治也是俄罗斯历史上最血腥的时期之一。

旁白 neutral

You see, Ivan was incredibly worried about losing his authority

你看，伊凡极其担心失去他的权力。

旁白 neutral

This made him wary of everyone, especially the rich Russian landowners, who held a lot of power

这使他对所有人都很警惕，尤其是那些手握大权的俄国地主。

旁白 neutral

So he sent loyal servants to seize the noblemen's lands

因此，他派出忠实的仆人去夺取贵族的土地。

旁白 neutral

And to guarantee that they would never fight him for it, he executed the landowners!

为了确保他们永远不会因此反抗他，他把那些地主都处决了！

旁白 neutral

Ivan the Terrible wanted to expand Russia's borders

伊凡雷帝想要扩张俄国的疆界。

旁白 neutral

He was particularly interested in defeating the Mongol hordes to the east

他尤其想击败东边的蒙古部落，

旁白 neutral

and expanding Russia's territory all the way down the Volga River to the Caspian Sea

并把俄国领土沿伏尔加河一路扩张到里海。

旁白 neutral

To do this he needed lots of men willing to fight for him."

要做到这点，他需要很多愿意为他战斗的人。”

旁白 neutral

" I know!" Laurie blurted out." He used the Cossacks!"

“我知道！”劳里脱口而出，“他用了哥萨克人！”

旁白 neutral

Laurie jumped up and pulled an imaginary sword from her hip

劳里跳了起来，从腰间拔出一把想象中的剑。

旁白 neutral

" Right!" said Grandpa." Luckily for Ivan, those wild horsemen lived right on the Russian borders

“没错！”爷爷说，“对伊凡来说幸运的是，那些彪悍的骑手就住在俄国边境上。

旁白 neutral

' Cossack ' comes from a word meaning free man

“哥萨克”这个词源自一个意为“自由人”的词语。

旁白 neutral

These men were considered free because they didn't belong to any of the states in the area

这些人被认为是自由的，因为他们不属于当地的任何一个国家。

旁白 neutral

This meant they didn't follow any ruler's laws and didn't pay taxes to anyone

这意味着他们不遵守任何统治者的法律，也不向任何人交税。

旁白 neutral

That probably doesn't sound like much to you, Laurie," Grandpa added," but to adults that is a very big deal

“这对你来说可能没什么了不起，劳里，”爷爷补充道，“但对成年人来说，这可是件大事。”

旁白 neutral

Anyway, these Cossacks were usually peasant men who had left their original villages

不管怎样，这些哥萨克人通常是离开了原来村庄的农民。

旁白 neutral

They didn't like what life there had to offer them — most peasants in the Middle Ages lived practically as slaves

他们不喜欢那里所能提供给他们的生活——中世纪的大多数农民实际上过着奴隶般的生活。

旁白 neutral

Out in the wild steppes, they became strong and excellent fighters — exactly what Ivan the Terrible needed

在荒芜的草原上，他们变得强壮，成了出色的战士——这正是伊凡雷帝所需要的。

旁白 neutral

He hired these Cossacks to fight the Mongols

他雇佣这些哥萨克人去与蒙古人作战。

旁白 neutral

In exchange he promised to pay them and grant them continued independence

作为交换，他承诺付给他们报酬，并准许他们继续保持独立。

旁白 neutral

From then on the Cossacks became known as mercenaries. Do you know what a mercenary is?"

从那时起，哥萨克人便以雇佣兵而闻名。你知道什么是雇佣兵吗？”

旁白 neutral

Laurie shook her head

劳里摇了摇头。

旁白 neutral

" A mercenary is someone who fights for pay

“雇佣兵就是为钱而战的人。”

旁白 neutral

Besides the money they receive, they have no interest in the battles they fight," Grandpa explained

“除了他们得到的钱，他们对自己所打的仗毫无兴趣，”爷爷解释道。

旁白 neutral

" Even after Ivan the Terrible, Russian rulers continued to employ the Cossacks

“即使在伊凡雷帝之后，俄国的统治者们仍继续雇佣哥萨克人，

旁白 neutral

and they were responsible for helping Russia expand and protect its borders well into the eighteenth century."

一直到18世纪，他们都负责帮助俄国扩张疆土并保卫边境。”

旁白 neutral

" Well, they couldn't have been fighting all the time," Laurie remarked, glancing at her Nutcracker book." When did they dance?"

“嗯，他们不可能一直都在打仗吧，”劳里说着，瞥了一眼她那本《胡桃夹子》，“他们什么时候跳舞呢？”

旁白 neutral

" Good point. When they weren't fighting, the Cossacks liked to hunt, fish, drink, play music, and dance

“问得好。不打仗的时候，哥萨克人喜欢打猎、钓鱼、喝酒、奏乐和跳舞。

旁白 neutral

Their dances became famous because of their incredible acrobatics

他们的舞蹈因其令人难以置信的杂技动作而闻名。

旁白 neutral

Cossack men were strong and fit, and they showed off their abilities by leaping into the air again and again."

哥萨克男人强壮而矫健，他们一遍又一遍地跳向空中，来炫耀自己的本领。”

旁白 neutral

" Like this?" Laurie squatted down and then jumped up, kicking one leg out

“像这样？”劳里蹲下，然后跳起来，踢出一条腿。

旁白 neutral

" Yes! And like this!" Grandpa too jumped from his chair, crossed his arms in front of him, and kicked his feet out one at a time

“对！还有这样！”爷爷也从椅子上跳起来，双臂交叉在胸前，双脚交替向外踢。

旁白 neutral

Then the two linked arms, and began singing the theme from the Nutcracker Suite as they danced around the study

接着，两人手挽着手，一边唱着《胡桃夹子组曲》的主题曲，一边在书房里跳起舞来。

旁白 neutral

" One day we'll have to go to Ukraine and see a real performance by modern Cossacks!" Grandpa shouted joyfully

“总有一天，我们得去乌克兰，看一场现代哥萨克人的真正表演！”爷爷快活地喊道。

旁白 neutral

" Yeah!" Laurie answered

“好啊！”劳里回答。

旁白 neutral

Suddenly there was a loud knock." What on earth is all that racket?" Mom demanded from outside the door

突然，传来一阵响亮的敲门声。“这到底是什么声音啊？”妈妈在门外质问道。

旁白 neutral

Grandpa and Laurie abruptly stopped dancing

爷爷和劳里猛地停下了舞步。

旁白 neutral

Then they looked at each other and burst out laughing

然后他们看着对方，突然大笑起来。

旁白 neutral

" For a 65-year-old archaeologist, Grandpa is pretty fun to hang out with," Laurie thought

“作为一个65岁的考古学家，爷爷可真是个好玩的伴儿，”劳里心想。

旁白 neutral

And she was glad to be his granddaughter

她很高兴自己是他的孙女。