017 武士、大名与黑船

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Laurie had just gotten home from school when Grandpa appeared, holding a tray of tea and cookies

劳里刚放学回到家，爷爷就端着一盘茶和饼干出现了。

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" Welcome home, Laurie! You're just the girl I'm looking for

“欢迎回家，劳里！我正想找你呢。

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May I invite you to the study for a snack?"

我能请你去书房吃些点心吗？”

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" Okay..." Laurie answered with a suspicious smile. What was Grandpa up to now?

“好吧……” 劳里带着怀疑的微笑回答。爷爷这回又在打什么主意？

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" How do Japanese cookies and tea sound?" Grandpa asked, grinning

“来点日式饼干和茶怎么样？”爷爷笑着问。

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" Good."

“好呀。”

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" Please follow me." Grandpa led the way upstairs and into the study

“请跟我来。”爷爷带头上楼，进了书房。

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" Whoa! What's all this?" Laurie exclaimed. On the floor was a large, colorful map

“哇！这都是些什么？”劳里惊呼道。地板上铺着一幅巨大的彩色地图。

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Small buildings, ships, bridges, and figurines were scattered around it

周围散落着小建筑、船只、桥梁和人偶。

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" I need to attach all these bits and pieces to this map... by tomorrow! Can you help me?"

“我得在明天之前把这些零零碎碎都粘到这张地图上……你能帮我吗？”

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" Sure!" Laurie replied." What's it for?"

“当然可以！”劳里回答，“这是做什么用的？”

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" I'm presenting a unit at the high school on the social order of Japan during the Tokugawa period —

“我要在高中上一个单元，讲德川幕府时期日本的社会秩序——

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from 1600 to 1867 — when Japan was ruled by the powerful Tokugawa family

从1600年到1867年——那时日本由强大的德川家族统治。”

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I'm going to use this map of Japan to show where things took place."

我要用这张日本地图来展示事情发生的地点。”

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Grandpa picked up a small wooden bridge

爷爷拿起一座小木桥。

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" For example, we'll use this to mark the capital, Edo, which is now called Tokyo

“比如，我们用这个来标记首都江户，现在叫东京。

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Edo was a busy place; merchants, craftsmen, and lots of samurai crossed over this bridge

江户是个热闹的地方；商人、工匠，还有许多武士都从这座桥上走过。

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So we'll need to put those figures around here."

所以我们需要把那些人偶摆在这附近。”

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" Samurai were warriors," Laurie stated." Why were there so many of them?"

“武士是战士，”劳里说，“为什么会有那么多武士呢？”

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" Because the shogun — the top leader in Japan at the time — lived in Edo

“因为将军——当时日本的最高统治者——住在江户。

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He was a warlord who held even more power than the emperor

他是一位比天皇还要有权势的军阀。

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This is his castle, actually," Grandpa said, picking up a castle replica

“实际上，这就是他的城堡，”爷爷说着，拿起一座城堡模型。

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" The shogun required that samurai lords from all across Japan live in Edo for part of every year

“幕府将军要求日本各地的大名每年有一部分时间住在江户。

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That was his way of keeping an eye on them."

那是他监视他们的方式。”

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" This is a samurai, right?" Laurie asked

“这个是武士，对吧？”劳里问。

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She held up a man carrying a sword

她举起一个拿着剑的人偶。

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" Yep. Samurai could easily be recognized by their armor, swords, and hairstyles

“对。武士可以通过他们的盔甲、刀剑和发型轻松辨认。

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This one was probably a middle-ranking samurai

这一个大概是中级武士。

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He would have been employed by one of the samurai lords, who were landowners

他会被一位身为地主的武士领主雇用。

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For centuries there was no central government to keep Japan stable

几个世纪以来，都没有中央政府维持日本的稳定。

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So there were constant civil wars between lords to expand their land and power

所以，大名之间为了扩张领土和权力，连年内战不断。

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Samurai were not only highly respected, they were considered necessary!

武士不仅备受尊敬，还被看作是必不可少的存在！

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The warrior samurai and their lords made up the highest social class in Japan back then."

那时候，武士和他们的领主构成了日本最高的社会阶层。”

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Laurie picked up a figure of a skinny man wearing a triangular straw hat." Where does this one go?"

劳里拿起一个戴着三角草帽、身材瘦削的人偶。“这个放哪儿？”

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" He's a rice farmer. We'll put him in the farmlands surrounding Edo

“他是个稻农。我们把他放在江户周围的农田里。

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Farmers were in the next highest class

农民属于第二高的阶层。

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They were important because they took care of the crops that fed the nation

他们很重要，因为他们照料着养活整个国家的庄稼。

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Rice was, and still is, the main food eaten by the Japanese

水稻过去是，现在也依然是日本人的主食。

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During the Tokugawa period, rice was so valuable that it was used to pay rent!

在德川时期，水稻非常珍贵，甚至被用来交租！

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" This is a craftsman. Since he's holding this small bowl, he probably makes lacquerware."

“这是一个工匠。既然他拿着这个小碗，他可能是做漆器的。”

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Grandpa pointed to the tray he had brought up with the tea and cookies

爷爷指着他端上来的放着茶和点心的托盘。

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" This is Japanese lacquerware. The Japanese carved items out of wood and then coated them with a shiny gloss

“这是日本漆器。日本人用木头雕刻出器物，然后涂上一层闪亮的光泽。

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They perfected this art on their bowls and boxes and things

他们在碗和盒子等器物上将这门艺术臻于完美。

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Anyway, this craftsman would be in the third social class, along with weavers, sword makers, and carpenters..

总之，这位工匠，连同纺织工、铸剑师和木匠……都属于第三社会阶层。

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That guy you're holding would probably fit into the last class."

你手里拿着的那个小玩意儿，大概属于最低的那个阶层。”

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" It looks like he's carrying lots of stuff," Laurie said

“他看起来扛着好多东西呢。”劳里说。

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" He's a merchant. In ancient and medieval Japan, merchants were at the bottom of the social hierarchy

“他是个商人。在古代和中世纪的日本，商人处于社会层级的最底层。

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In a culture that valued hard work, making money off someone else's labor wasn't as respectable as doing the labor yourself

在一个崇尚勤劳的文化里，靠别人的劳动赚钱，不如自己亲身劳动来得受人尊敬。

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But people began realizing that merchants were a key part of the economy, and merchants' value grew

但人们开始意识到商人是经济的关键部分，于是商人的价值也随之增长。

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Without them, cities might not have developed so quickly."

没有他们，城市或许不会发展得那么快。”

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Laurie nodded as she added a cherry tree near the shogun's castle

劳里点点头，在将军的城堡旁添上了一棵樱花树。

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" This medieval Japanese society had a rigid class system, but it was also peaceful

“这个中世纪的日本社会等级森严，但也很和平。

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The civil wars ended when the Tokugawa family claimed control over all the other warlords

当德川家族宣称控制了所有其他大名，内战便结束了。

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Big cities developed and prospered; universities were built for high-ranking samurai;

大城市发展繁荣；为高级武士建立了大学；

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and arts like poetry, literature, painting, and lacquerware expressed Japanese culture

诗歌、文学、绘画和漆器等艺术则展现了日本文化。

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The Tokugawa shogun thought the best way to preserve this peace and stability was to close Japan off from other countries

德川将军认为，维持这种和平稳定的最好办法，就是把日本与其他国家隔绝开来，

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particularly Western countries, which had a history of creating Christian empires and trading colonies

特别是那些有建立基督教帝国和贸易殖民地历史的西方国家。

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So foreigners weren't usually allowed in Japan."

所以外国人通常是不允许进入日本的。”

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" Then who's this guy? He doesn't look Japanese!"

“那这个人是谁？他看起来不像日本人！”

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Laurie exclaimed, picking up a white man dressed in a military uniform

劳里叫道，同时拿起一个穿军装的白人。

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" Ha! You found him! That's Commodore Perry," Grandpa said

“哈！你找到他了！那是佩里准将，”爷爷说。

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" Despite Japan's wishes, the United States really wanted Japan to open its ports to their traders and sailors

“尽管日本不情愿，美国却非常希望日本向他们的商人和水手开放港口。

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In 1853 they sent Perry over with four armed, black naval ships

1853年，他们派佩里率领四艘武装黑色军舰前来。

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They warned the Japanese that if ports weren't opened, they would fire!"

他们警告日本人，如果不开放港口，他们就要开火！”

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" What did the Japanese do then?"

“那日本人怎么做的？”

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" Intimidated by the guns and steamships — which were new to the Japanese — they signed an agreement with the U. S. After that things changed rapidly

“慑于枪炮和蒸汽船——这些对日本人来说都是新鲜事物——他们与美国签订了协议。那以后，情况就迅速改变了。

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In 1867 the shogun resigned, and the emperor suddenly died

1867年，将军辞职，天皇突然驾崩。

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Then a young emperor called Meiji came to power

然后一位年轻的明治天皇继位了。

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Emperor Meiji realized that if Japan wanted to keep itself safe in the modern world, it would need Western technology

明治天皇意识到，如果日本想在现代世界中保护自己，就需要西方技术。

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So the Japanese imported ideas about education, politics, and science from the United States and Europe

于是，日本人从美国和欧洲引进了教育、政治和科学方面的思想。

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But this map only covers the Tokugawa era

但是这张地图只涵盖德川时代。

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What do you say — are we finished?"

你说呢——我们完成了吗？”

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Laurie scanned the map, now speckled with people and buildings." I think so," she replied

劳里扫视着地图，上面现在点缀着人和建筑。“我想是的，”她回答。

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" Tokugawa Japan looks like it might have been an interesting place to visit... except I wouldn't have been allowed to enter the country!"

“德川时代的日本看起来或许是个有趣的游览地……只可惜我根本不会被允许入境！”

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Grandpa chuckled." You're absolutely right. Well, thank you, Laurie

爷爷轻声笑了。“你说得完全正确。好了，谢谢你，劳里。

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I couldn't have done it without you

没有你，我可完不成。

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Now how about our snack?" he said

现在我们吃点心怎么样？”他说。

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" In Japan, before you begin eating, you say itadakimasu!

“在日本，开始用餐前，你要说 itadakimasu！

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So on the count of three, ready? One, two, three — "

那么我数到三，准备好了吗？一、二、三——”

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" Itadakimasu!" they both cried and reached for their cookies

“Itadakimasu！”他们齐声喊道，伸手去拿饼干。