016 欧洲人来到美洲

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" Look what I made at school today!" Laurie said, coming into the study

“看我在学校做了什么！”劳丽走进书房说。

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" Since we're celebrating the explorer Christopher Columbus on Monday, we made astrolabes."

“因为星期一我们要庆祝探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布，所以我们做了星盘。”

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She proudly presented the paper astrolabe to Grandpa

她自豪地把纸做的星盘递给爷爷看。

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" You did a great job!" Grandpa admired her work

“你做得太棒了！”爷爷欣赏着她的作品。

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" You know what these were used for, right?"

“你知道这些是用来做什么的吧？”

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" To measure a ship's distance from the equator," Laurie stated

“测量船离赤道的距离，”劳丽说。

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" Correct. Sailors back in Columbus' time didn't have GPS or even a complete map of the earth!

“正确。哥伦布时代的水手没有GPS，甚至连完整的地球地图都没有！

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So they used interesting instruments to measure time and distance

所以他们用有趣的仪器来测量时间和距离。

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In fact, I got something today that Columbus used on his voyage too."

“事实上，我今天拿到了一样东西，哥伦布航海时也用过。”

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Grandpa picked up an hourglass on his desk

爷爷拿起桌上的一个沙漏。

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" This hourglass is similar to the ones fifteenth century Europeans used to keep time

这个沙漏与十五世纪欧洲人用来计时的沙漏相似。

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Back then, one turn of the glass measured thirty minutes, but this one is a little smaller," he said

“那时候，沙漏翻转一次是测量三十分钟，但这个稍微小一点，”他说。

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" A student in my Artifacts from the New World class made it."

“是我‘新大陆文物’课上的一个学生做的。”

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" What's that class about?" Laurie wanted to know

“那门课是关于什么的？”劳丽想知道。

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" Well, we examine artifacts that tell the story of Europeans landing in the New World

“嗯，我们研究那些讲述欧洲人登陆新大陆故事的文物。

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But I always begin with a quick history of the age of exploration."

但我总是先快速讲一下探索时代的历史。”

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" Quick? How quick?" Laurie flipped the hourglass over and grinned at Grandpa

“快速？有多快？”劳丽把沙漏倒过来，对爷爷咧嘴一笑。

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Grandpa grinned back, accepting the challenge

爷爷也咧嘴一笑，接受了挑战。

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" In the 1400s trade was the fastest and easiest way to become rich

“在15世纪，贸易是致富最快、最容易的方式。

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European explorers were discovering cities in Africa and Asia that produced spices, gold, silk, ivory, and precious gems

欧洲探险家们正在发现非洲和亚洲的那些盛产香料、黄金、丝绸、象牙和珍贵宝石的城市。

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Spices like pepper and cinnamon were just being introduced to Europeans;

像胡椒和肉桂这样的香料才刚传入欧洲；

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if you could bring back a ship full of them, you could easily pay for the entire cost of your journey

只要能运回一整船香料，就能轻松抵消全部航行开销。

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The Portuguese were great shipbuilders and sailed often to Africa

葡萄牙人是造船能手，也常常远航非洲。

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So when Christopher Columbus thought he could sail west and find a shorter sea route to Asia, he asked the king of Portugal to sponsor him

因此，当克里斯托弗·哥伦布认为向西航行能找到通往亚洲的更短航线时，便向葡萄牙国王请求资助。

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But the king rejected Columbus' request

但那位国王拒绝了哥伦布的请求。

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The explorer then traveled to Spain, where he asked Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to support him

随后，这位探险家转往西班牙，请求伊莎贝拉女王与费迪南德国王的支持。

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At first the rulers were hesitant, but the race for exploration had begun, and they didn't want to be left behind

起初两位君主有所犹豫，可探险竞赛已拉开帷幕，他们可不甘落后。

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So Isabella and Ferdinand gave Columbus three ships, ninety sailors, and lots of salted fish, biscuits, and water for the journey

于是，伊莎贝拉与费迪南德拨给哥伦布三艘船、九十名水手，以及足量的咸鱼、饼干和淡水，以作航行之用。

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The men set out on August 3, 1492

船队于1492年8月3日启程。

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After two months, with still no sight of Asia, the crews nearly rebelled against Columbus and planned to kill him

两月过后，仍不见亚洲的踪影，船员们几乎要叛变，密谋杀掉哥伦布。

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Luckily for Columbus, on October 12, they landed on an island he believed was part of India

哥伦布很幸运，10月12日，他们登上了一座小岛，他认为那是印度的一部分。

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He named it San Salvador and called the people there Indians

他将其命名为圣萨尔瓦多，并把当地人称为印第安人。

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But really, he was in the Caribbean, on an island called Guanahani

但实际上，他身处加勒比海，在一个叫瓜纳哈尼的岛上。

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Its native people, the Tainos, were friendly, and the Spaniards were intrigued by their red face paint and gold earrings

岛上的原住民泰诺人很友好，西班牙人被他们红色的面部彩绘和金耳环所吸引。

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The land was hot and humid, and the Tainos slept outside in hanging nets they called hammocks."

这片土地炎热潮湿，泰诺人睡在户外的吊网里，他们称之为吊床。”

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" I love hammocks!" Laurie blurted out

“我超爱吊床！”劳丽脱口而出。

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" They're perfect on a summer day, aren't they?" Grandpa smiled

“它们在夏天再舒服不过了，对吧？”爷爷笑着说。

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" The Europeans thought so too, and they brought hammocks, as well as canoes, tobacco, and other things they'd never seen, back to Spain

“欧洲人也这么想，他们把吊床，还有独木舟、烟草和其他从未见过的东西带回了西班牙。

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Columbus didn't find the gold he had hoped for

哥伦布没有找到他期望的黄金。

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But he continued to claim nearby islands and govern them for Spain — even though people with their own societies and cultures already lived there

但他继续为西班牙宣称并统治附近的岛屿——尽管那里已经生活着拥有自己社会和文化的人们。

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Hmph!" Grandpa shook his head before continuing

“哼！”爷爷摇了摇头，才继续说下去。

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" His first journey was praised, but during his lifetime, Columbus never received the fame he gets today

他的首次航行受到赞扬，但哥伦布在世时从未获得今日这般的盛名。

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Many Spanish rebelled against him, and Columbus treated the Tainos so poorly that there was no hope for peace between the natives and the Spanish

许多西班牙人反抗他，而哥伦布对泰诺人如此恶劣，使得原住民与西班牙人之间毫无和平的希望。

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For example, Columbus turned the Tainos into slaves and forced them to find gold

例如，哥伦布把泰诺人变成奴隶，强迫他们寻找金子。

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If they didn't, he had them killed. Cruelty like that, along with diseases the Spanish brought from Europe

如果他们不照办，就把他们杀掉。那样的暴行，加上西班牙人从欧洲带来的疾病，

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killed half the Taino population within two years

在两年内杀死了半数泰诺人。

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Disappointed in his abilities as a governor, Isabella and Ferdinand took away Columbus' privilege to govern the new lands

因对其执政能力失望，伊莎贝拉和费迪南德剥夺了哥伦布统治新领地的特权。

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But Columbus Day is still a holiday in the U. S. — even though Columbus never reached North America

但哥伦布日在美国仍是假日——尽管哥伦布从未抵达北美洲。

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In fact, some think he wasn't even the first person to sail to the Caribbean

事实上，有些人认为他甚至不是第一个航行到加勒比海的人。

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Oral histories tell of West Africans from the Mali kingdom setting out to explore the western seas, and of Chinese expeditions as well

口述历史提到，来自马里王国的西非人曾出发探索西方海洋，还有中国的远航探险。

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But when Columbus reached land, he proved the existence of a land mass west of Europe, and that's why he's so famous."

但当哥伦布抵达陆地时，他证明了欧洲以西存在一块大陆，这就是他如此著名的原因。”

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" Grandpa, if Columbus gets credit for finding America, how come the Americas aren't called the Columbuses?" Laurie asked, puzzled

“爷爷，如果哥伦布因发现美洲而得到赞誉，那美洲为什么不叫哥伦布州呢？”劳丽困惑地问。

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" Well, a man named Amerigo Vespucci published a theory that the land wasn't Asia, but a new continent

“嗯，一个叫亚美利哥·韦斯普奇的人发表了一个理论，认为那片土地不是亚洲，而是一片新大陆。

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So a mapmaker named the land ' America,' after Amerigo

于是，一位地图绘制师便以亚美利哥的名字，将那片土地命名为‘美洲’。

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Vespucci was a merchant and explorer who sailed to the South American coasts," Grandpa answered

韦斯普奇是一名商人和探险家，他曾航行到南美洲海岸。”爷爷回答道。

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" So who discovered North America?" Laurie asked

“那么是谁发现了北美洲呢？”劳丽问道。

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" It depends on what you mean by ' discovered,'" Grandpa said with a chuckle

“这取决于你所说的‘发现’是什么意思，”爷爷轻声笑着说。

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" Native Americans were here for thousands of years before Europeans arrived

“在欧洲人到来之前，美洲原住民已经在这里生活了数千年。

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But Leif Eriksson, a Viking, is usually considered the first European to sail across the Atlantic to North America

但维京人莱夫·埃里克松通常被认为是第一个横渡大西洋到达北美洲的欧洲人。

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His expedition arrived in what's now Canada in the year 1000

他的探险队在公元1000年抵达了现在的加拿大。

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But since Leif didn't establish long-lasting colonies and governments

但由于莱夫没有建立持久的殖民地和政府，

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John Cabot, who sailed from England, is often considered the first European to claim North American land. He arrived in Canada in 1497."

从英格兰启航的约翰·卡博特，常被认为是第一个宣称拥有北美土地的欧洲人。他于1497年抵达加拿大。”

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" Time!" Laurie called. The hourglass was empty

“时间到！”劳丽喊道。沙漏空了。

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" I hope you're finished because I already have too much to think about

“我希望您讲完了，因为我已经有太多东西要思考了。

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After hearing about the Tainos, I'm not sure if we should celebrate Columbus as a hero," Laurie admitted

在听说了泰诺人的遭遇后，我不确定我们是否还应该把哥伦布当作英雄来庆祝，”劳丽坦言。

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" Yes. Sometimes history teaches you unpleasant things," Grandpa answered

“是啊。有时候，历史会教给你一些不那么愉快的事情，”爷爷回答道。

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" But knowing both the good and the bad makes you smarter. Do you agree?"

“但了解善与恶会让你变得更聪明。你同意吗？”

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" I agree," Laurie said." I'm glad you're smart

“我同意，”劳丽说。“我很高兴您这么聪明。

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I hope I will be too one day. See you at dinner?"

希望有一天我也能这样。晚餐时见？”

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" See you at dinner." And Grandpa watched with a smile as his granddaughter walked away with a crinkled brow

“晚餐见。”爷爷微笑着看着孙女皱着眉头走开，

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no doubt still questioning who really discovered America

毫无疑问，她仍在思考到底是谁真正发现了美洲。