015 发现普韦布洛人

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When Laurie got home from school, she ran straight to the mailbox

劳里放学回到家，直接奔向信箱。

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Grandpa had gone to the Southwest a week ago but hadn't sent her anything yet

爷爷一周前去了西南部，但还没给她寄过任何东西。

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Had he forgotten about her? She saw a postcard and a yellow envelope addressed to her." Finally!" she thought

难道他忘了她？她看到一张明信片和一个写给她的黄色信封。"终于！"她想。

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Hi, Laurie! How's my favorite granddaughter? I made it to New Mexico

嗨，劳里！我最疼爱的孙女还好吗？我到新墨西哥州了。

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I'm in Chaco Culture National Historical Park studying the ancient Pueblos — Native Americans who lived in the Southwest over 1,500 years ago

我现在在查科文化国家历史公园，研究古代普韦布洛人——他们是1500多年前生活在西南部的美洲原住民。

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Many different peoples lived here, but as a group, we call them the Pueblos, after the houses they built

许多不同的族群曾生活在这里，但作为一个整体，我们称他们为普韦布洛人，以他们建造的房屋命名。

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Their houses had connecting walls and rooms built on top of one another

他们的房屋有相连的墙壁，房间层层叠建。

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They were really more like villages than individual houses

它们其实更像是村庄，而不是独立的房屋。

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The biggest Pueblo settlements are found here in Chaco Canyon

最大的普韦布洛聚落就在查科峡谷这里被发现。

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We archaeologists call them the great houses

我们考古学家称它们为大房子。

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One house, Pueblo Bonito, covered about three acres, and probably housed about twelve hundred people

普韦布洛博尼托这一栋房子占地约三英亩，大概住了一千二百人。

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Pueblo society had no leaders, so living together took a lot of organization and patience

普韦布洛社会没有领袖，所以一起生活需要很多组织和耐心。

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But amazingly, they were one of the most peaceful people this country has ever known

但令人惊讶的是，他们是这个国家有史以来最和平的族群之一。

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I'll write you a letter explaining more when I set up camp tonight

今晚扎营后，我会写信跟你详细解释。

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But I had to send you a postcard of the amazing Pueblo Bonito!

不过，我得先给你寄一张令人赞叹的普韦布洛博尼托明信片！

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Laurie examined the image on the postcard

劳里仔细端详着明信片上的图像。

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All the walls really were connected! She tried to imagine living in a house that was connected to everybody else's

所有的墙壁真的都连在一起！她试着想象住在和别人家都相通的房子里是什么感觉。

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It would be strange to live so close to her classmates and teacher!

和同学、老师都住得这么近，那感觉一定很奇怪！

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She wished she could have gone with Grandpa to see the ancient sites

她真希望能和爷爷一起去看看那些古老遗址。

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There were so many things she wanted to know

有太多事她想知道。

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If the Pueblos moved into the Southwest 1,500 years ago, where were they before that?

如果普韦布洛人在一千五百年前迁入西南地区，那在此之前他们又在哪里呢？

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Where were they now? She opened the envelope and started reading Grandpa's letter

那他们现在在哪里呢？她打开信封，开始读爷爷的信。

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Dear Laurie

亲爱的劳里：

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I know you wish you were here and I do too

我知道你希望自己在这里，我也一样。

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I bet you also have lots of questions about the Pueblos. So let's start at the beginning

我猜你也有很多关于普韦布洛人的疑问。那我们就从头说起吧。

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Native Americans had been living in the United States for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived and colonized the land

在欧洲人到来并殖民这片土地之前，美洲原住民已经在美国生活了数千年。

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Many historians think the natives originally came from Asia and arrived in North America during the Ice Age

许多历史学家认为，原住民最初来自亚洲，在冰河时代抵达了北美。

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Back then a land bridge connected Asia to Alaska

那时，一座陆桥连接着亚洲和阿拉斯加。

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Native Americans might have crossed this land bridge while following bison and other large mammals they hunted

美洲原住民可能是在追踪他们猎杀的野牛和其他大型哺乳动物时，穿过了这座陆桥。

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But Pueblos have their own version of how they got here

但普韦布洛人有自己的一套说法来解释他们是如何来到这里的。

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They believe they came from the earth, in a holy place underground, and were then led to the surface by a god

他们相信自己来自大地，一个地下的神圣之地，然后由一位神明引领至地表。

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Origins aside, we know for sure that the first Pueblos were nomadic hunters and gatherers

撇开起源不谈，我们确切知道最早的普韦布洛人是游猎采集者。

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Eventually they began building pit houses. These were circular underground houses, dug five or six feet into the ground

后来他们开始建造地穴房屋。这些是圆形的地下房屋，深入地下五六英尺。

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Around the year 700, they began building aboveground, but kept underground rooms for special religious ceremonies

大约在公元700年，他们开始建造地面建筑，但保留地下房间用于特殊的宗教仪式。

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Now their houses were made of stone and red-clay bricks, but still had no doors or windows

现在他们的房子用石头和红黏土砖建造，但仍然没有门或窗户。

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So how did the Pueblos get in and out of their houses? Through the roof!

那么普韦布洛人如何进出他们的房子呢？通过屋顶！

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They climbed up a wooden ladder to the top of the wall, and then down another ladder to enter their homes

他们先爬上木梯到墙顶，再顺着另一把梯子下去进入家中。

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Imagine you're returning home after a hunt, carrying a large deer over your back

想象一下你打猎归来，背着一只大鹿。

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Or you're coming back from the spring with two large jugs full of water!

或者你从泉边回来，带着两大罐满满的水！

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You would become a very skilled ladder climber!

那你肯定会成为一个爬梯子的高手！

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Maybe you'd like to know a little more about the Pueblos' daily life

也许你想多了解一些普韦布洛人的日常生活。

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They worked very hard. Women ground corn and gathered seeds, berries, and nuts for the family meals

他们非常勤劳。妇女们磨玉米，采集种子、浆果和坚果，准备家庭餐食。

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They also made pottery. Men took care of the crops, went on hunts, and wove baskets and blankets

她们也制作陶器。男人们照料庄稼、外出狩猎，并编织篮子和毯子。

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Young children and girls stayed home to help their mothers

年幼的孩子和女孩们留在家里帮母亲干活。

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But older boys followed the men, learning everything they would need to know to become adults in the village

但年长的男孩们跟着男人，学习成为村庄里成人所需的一切。

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It was hot during the daytime, when the plateaus were lit by the sun, but nights were cold

白天高原被太阳照亮，天气炎热，但夜晚很冷。

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The Pueblos ate warm cornbread, beans, and squash, and roasted meat over fires

普韦布洛人吃温热的玉米面包、豆子和南瓜，还在火上烤制肉食。

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Then they curled up in rabbit-skin robes and turkey-feather blankets and went to sleep because at sunrise they would start another long day

然后，他们裹着兔皮袍子和火鸡羽毛毯子，蜷缩入睡，因为日出时他们又将开始漫长的一天。

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But guess what these hardworking people did in their free time, Laurie?

但你猜猜这些勤劳的人在闲暇时做什么，劳里？

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They played games! Running races, dart-throwing contests, and ball games were all popular

他们玩游戏！赛跑、投掷标枪和球类游戏都很流行。

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Of course the games were fun, but Pueblos also believed that these games were invented by the gods

游戏当然好玩，但普韦布洛人还相信这些游戏是神明创造的。

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So playing them pleased the gods and helped keep rivers flowing, rain falling, and the sun shining in the sky

所以玩游戏能取悦神明，能让河水长流、雨水降临、太阳当空照耀。

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When I get back, let's see if playing kickball every day will keep the gods happy and bring us lots of good sledding snow this winter!

等我回来后，咱们看看天天踢球能不能也让神明开心，给今年冬天带来多多的好雪，够你滑雪橇的！

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Missing you, Grandpa

想念你，爷爷

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P. S. I'll send you an email from the next site

附言：到了下个地点，我会给你发邮件。

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Laurie ran upstairs to the computer in the study

劳里跑上楼，来到书房的电脑前。

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In her inbox was an e-card from Grandpa

她的收件箱里有一张爷爷寄来的电子贺卡。

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Laurie — I'm in Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado

劳里——我现在在科罗拉多州的梅萨维德国家公园。

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Here Pueblos farmed, built houses, wove baskets, and performed rain dances

在这里，普韦布洛人曾耕种田地、建造房屋、编织篮子，还跳祈雨舞。

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But in the 1200s, they moved down into the cliffs and built their homes into the steep walls of canyons, perhaps for protection

但到了13世纪，他们往下搬到了悬崖里，把家建在了峡谷陡峭的岩壁上，也许是为了自我保护。

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These peaceful people spent their time making pottery and offering respect to the gods

这些平和的人们把时间花在制作陶器和向神明表示敬意上。

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Then, about a hundred years later, they mysteriously left Mesa Verde forever

然后，大约一百年后，他们莫名其妙地永远离开了梅萨维德。

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Were they escaping something or had they simply outgrown their homes? No one knows

他们是在逃避什么，还是原来的住处容纳不下他们了？没人知道。

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They continued to live nearby until the Spanish arrived in the 1500s and forced the Pueblos to leave their homes yet again

他们继续生活在附近，直到16世纪西班牙人到来，再次迫使普韦布洛人离开了家园。

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But Pueblo ancestors still live in the Southwest

但普韦布洛人的后代至今仍生活在美国西南部。

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In fact, I'll meet some modern Pueblos tomorrow at a ceremony! See you soon! –Grandpa

其实，我明天就会在一个仪式上见到一些现代的普韦布洛人！回头见！——爷爷

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Laurie looked at the photograph on the e-card

劳里看着电子贺卡上的照片。

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She couldn't imagine climbing in and out of that big canyon every day just to get home

她无法想象，光是每天回家就要爬上爬下那个大峡谷。

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The Pueblos must have been so strong!

普韦布洛人肯定特别强壮！

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Laurie heard the front door open." Laurie! Are you home? Sorry I'm late!" Mom called

劳里听到前门开了。“劳里！你在家吗？抱歉我回来晚了！”妈妈喊道。

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" I'm up here, Mom! I got mail from Grandpa in New Mexico!"

“我在楼上呢，妈妈！我收到了爷爷从新墨西哥州寄来的信！”