014 非洲的黄金王国

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Laurie heard the beating of a drum coming from the study

劳里听到书房里传来敲鼓的声音。

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Then she heard Grandpa call out," Hear me, people, for I speak the truth!

接着她又听见爷爷高声喊道：“听我说，子民们，因为我所说的都是真理！

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Tell this story to your children so the name Sundiata — the Lion King — lives forever!"

把这个故事讲给你们的孩子们，让松迪亚塔——狮王的名字永世流传！”

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" Grandpa!" Laurie pushed the study door open." What are you doing?"

“爷爷！”劳里推开书房的门，“您在干什么呀？”

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Grandpa sat on the couch with a large drum

爷爷坐在长沙发上，身旁放着一面大鼓。

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A stringed instrument was by his feet

他的脚边还搁着一把弦乐器。

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" I'm practicing for my African storytelling performance

“我在为我的非洲故事表演做练习呢。

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Hayside Elementary asked me to give a presentation to their third grade

海赛德小学邀请我去给三年级做一场展示。

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I'll be telling them about the golden age of Africa."

我要给他们讲讲非洲的黄金时代。”

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" But what are the instruments for?" Laurie asked

“但这些乐器是用来做什么的？”劳里问道。

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" African storytellers play instruments while sharing their legends and histories

“非洲讲故事的人在分享他们的传说和历史时，会演奏乐器。

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It's usually this instrument called the kora and maybe a drum."

通常是这种叫科拉琴的乐器，还可能配上一面鼓。”

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" That's cool. What's the story about?" Laurie asked

“真棒。这故事讲的是什么？”劳里问道。

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" It's about three kingdoms of Africa — the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai kingdoms

“是关于非洲的三个王国——加纳、马里和桑海王国。

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These developed on the edge of the Sahara Desert

这些王国发展在撒哈拉沙漠的边缘。

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During the Middle Ages, some of the richest kingdoms in the world developed there

在中世纪，世界上最富有的几个王国就诞生在那里。

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Originally, people of the Sahara were desert nomads who wandered from oasis to oasis to find water and vegetation for themselves and their herds

起初，撒哈拉的人们是沙漠游牧民族，他们从一个绿洲走到另一个绿洲，为自己和牲畜寻找水和植被。

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But legend says they always returned to one oasis, where they left their heavy belongings with a woman named Buktu

但传说他们总会回到一个绿洲，把沉重的物品寄存给一位名叫布克图的女子。

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Eventually this spot became a city called Timbuktu, named after the woman

最终，这个地方发展为一座城市，并以她的名字命名为廷巴克图。

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By around 1100 AD, Timbuktu was a major city along the trading route that crossed the Sahara and carried goods from Africa to Arabia."

到了大约公元1100年，廷巴克图已成为横跨撒哈拉、将货物从非洲运往阿拉伯的贸易路线上的一个重要城市。”

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" Isn't the Sahara Desert huge?" Laurie asked." How did they cross it?"

“撒哈拉沙漠不是很大吗？”劳里问，“他们是怎么穿过去的？”

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" It is huge. Imagine that you have to journey through it for days and nights carrying loads of gold, fabric, iron tools, and clay pots

“是很大。想象一下，你要带着载满黄金、布料、铁器和陶罐的货物，在沙漠里走上几天几夜。”

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What would you do?" Grandpa paused and looked at Laurie

你会怎么做？”爷爷停顿了一下，看着劳里。

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" Gather up your camels, of course! The Africans traveled by camel caravan

“当然是把你的骆驼集合起来呀！非洲人用骆驼商队旅行。

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These animals can walk through hot sand for days without food or water

这些动物能在滚烫的沙子里走上好多天，不吃不喝。

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So traders loaded up about a hundred camels with goods and then set off into the desert

所以商人们把货物装上大约一百头骆驼，然后出发进入沙漠。

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Usually the trip to Arabia took about forty days

通常去阿拉伯的旅程要花大约四十天。

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Can you guess what made the Africans so rich during their golden age?" Grandpa asked with a smile

你能猜到在他们的黄金时代，是什么让非洲人变得这么富有吗？”爷爷笑着问。

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" Gold!" Laurie responded

“黄金！”劳里回答。

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" Right! Gold and... salt," Grandpa said." Salt was so important back then that it had the same value as gold

“对了！黄金，还有……盐，”爷爷说，“那时候盐非常重要，价值跟黄金一样。”

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Salt is used to keep food from spoiling. It also makes food taste good

盐既能防腐，又能让食物更美味。

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But most importantly it is essential to human bodies. We can't live without salt!

但最重要的是，它对人体至关重要。没有盐，我们无法生存！

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And when you sweat, you lose a lot of salt, so it was especially important to Africans who lived in a hot climate and sweated a lot every day

而且出汗会流失大量盐分，所以对于生活在炎热气候中、每天大量出汗的非洲人来说，盐尤为重要。

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Salt and gold helped the first great African kingdom — the Ghana kingdom — come to power

盐和黄金帮助了第一个伟大的非洲王国——加纳王国——崛起。

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Ghana's cities became home to the best artists and scholars on the continent

加纳的城市成为了非洲大陆上最优秀的艺术家和学者的家园。

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But eventually the Ghanaians were overrun by a group of Islamic Arabs

但最终，加纳人被一支伊斯兰阿拉伯人征服。

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Wars broke out as different groups tried to gain control over the cities

为了争夺城市的控制权，不同群体之间爆发了战争。

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Then a brave warrior named Sundiata, or ' hungering lion,' led his people to defeat the existing rulers

随后，一位名叫松迪亚塔、绰号“饿狮”的勇敢武士，率领人民击败了当时的统治者。

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In 1235 he established the next great kingdom — the Mali kingdom — and created a stable government with a tax system

1235年，他建立了下一个伟大王国——马里王国，并创建了拥有税收制度的稳定政府。

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Under his rule, Mali grew richer and stronger every year

在他的统治下，马里一年比一年富强。

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Then in 1307 another great leader, named Mansa Musa, came to the throne

然后在1307年，另一位伟大的领袖，名叫曼萨·穆萨，登上了王位。

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He doubled the size of the kingdom and tripled its trade

他将王国的领土扩大了一倍，贸易量翻了三倍。

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Gold was flowing from Mali to Arabia, and then into Europe

黄金从马里流向阿拉伯，然后进入欧洲。

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Islamic Arabic traders had been trying to convert Africans to Islam for years, and Mali was the first kingdom to accept Islam as its religion

伊斯兰阿拉伯商人多年来一直试图让非洲人皈依伊斯兰教，而马里是第一个接受伊斯兰教为国教的王国。

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In 1324 Mansa Musa, a devoted Muslim, made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Islam

1324年，虔诚的穆斯林曼萨·穆萨进行了一次著名的朝圣，前往伊斯兰教的诞生地麦加。

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This pilgrimage gave Arabs their first image of how rich Mali was

这次朝圣让阿拉伯人第一次见识到马里有多么富有。

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Mansa Musa's caravan was the largest ever to travel across the Sahara

曼萨·穆萨的商队是穿越撒哈拉的有史以来最大的一支。

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Five-hundred slaves walked before the great king

五百名奴隶走在伟大的国王前面。

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Mansa Musa, with his party of over fifty-thousand people, followed

曼萨·穆萨率领着超过五万人的队伍紧随其后。

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One-hundred camels walked behind them, carrying over thirty-thousand pounds of gold

一百头骆驼跟在他们后面，驮着超过三万磅的黄金。

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Mansa Musa was proud to present the riches of his kingdom to the Arabs

曼萨·穆萨很自豪地向阿拉伯人展示他王国的财富。

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Everywhere he went he gave out beautiful gifts

他每到一个地方都会送出精美的礼物。

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He also went to markets and bought everything the merchants offered him

他也去市场，买下商人们提供给他的所有东西。

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And he always paid in pure gold. Mansa Musa left quite an impression in Arabia

而且他总是用纯金支付。曼萨·穆萨在阿拉伯留下了很深的印象。

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News of his incredible pilgrimage even traveled to Europe, where people were stunned by this rich king of Africa."

关于他不可思议的朝圣的消息甚至传到了欧洲，那里的人们对这位非洲富有的国王感到震惊。”

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" Did it make Europeans want to go to Africa too?" Laurie asked

“那也让欧洲人想去非洲吗？”劳里问。

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" It did. But we'll get to that later

“确实如此。但我们以后会讲到。

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Still one more great African kingdom arose after Mali — the Songhai kingdom

在马里之后，还有一个伟大的非洲王国崛起——桑海王国。

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Songhai was a territory that had been captured by Mali, and its people wanted their freedom back

桑海是曾被马里占领的领土，它的人民想夺回自由。

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In 1468 a Songhai leader named Sunni Ali Ber took over Timbuktu and gained control of the Saharan trading routes

1468年，一位名叫桑尼·阿里·贝尔的桑海领袖接管了廷巴克图，并控制了穿过撒哈拉的贸易路线。

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The Mali kingdom fell apart, and the Songhai kingdom ruled West Africa

马里王国分崩离析，桑海王国统治了西非。

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But no golden age lasts forever. In 1591 Muslims from Morocco attacked the Songhai kingdom

但没有哪个黄金时代会永远持续。1591年，来自摩洛哥的穆斯林袭击了桑海王国。

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And you were absolutely right, Laurie. Learning about the rich African kingdoms made people want to take control of Africa

你说得完全对，劳里。了解富饶的非洲王国让人们想要控制非洲。

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In the 1600s the Portuguese and Dutch began setting up their own cities and colonies there. But that's another story."

在17世纪，葡萄牙人和荷兰人开始在那里建立自己的城市和殖民地。但那是另一个故事了。”

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" Wow, I never knew Africa had kingdoms like that," Laurie said

“哇，我从不知道非洲有这样的王国，”劳里说。

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" Yeah," Grandpa said sadly." Most people only learn about the slave trade that brought Africans to the Americas

“是啊，”爷爷悲伤地说。“大多数人只了解将非洲人带到美洲的奴隶贸易。

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But Africans have a much greater history to be proud of

但非洲人有一段更伟大的历史值得骄傲。

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And I will be proud to tell it." Grandpa tapped his drum

我会很自豪地讲述它。”爷爷敲了敲他的鼓。

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" Well, I have a great story of my own to tell."

“嗯，我也有一个精彩的故事要讲。”

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Laurie moved the drum between her legs and tapped it

劳里把鼓夹在两腿之间，敲击起来。

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" Listen to my story. Here are the adventures of a fourth-grader!"

“听我的故事。这是一位四年级学生的冒险！”

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And she began to tell Grandpa about a brave young girl named Laurie and her wise grandfather who studied the past

她开始给爷爷讲一个名叫劳里的勇敢女孩和她研究过去的智慧爷爷的故事。