013 文艺复兴：艺术、教育与帽子

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" Laurie, come take a look at this."

“劳里，快来看这个。”

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Grandpa was reading the newspaper at his desk

爷爷正坐在书桌前读报纸。

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" There's going to be a Renaissance fair in Buck County. Do you want to go?"

“巴克县要举办文艺复兴节了。你想去吗？”

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" What's a Renaissance fair?" Laurie asked, looking up from her book

“什么是文艺复兴节？”劳里从书上抬起头问道。

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" A Renaissance fair," Grandpa began reading from the newspaper ad," is a place to see, hear, and taste life as it was during Elizabethan England."

“文艺复兴节，”爷爷照着报纸广告念道，“是一个能让你看到、听到、尝到伊丽莎白时代英格兰生活的地方。”

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He looked at Laurie." That means the time when Queen Elizabeth was on the throne, from 1558 to 1603

他看着劳里。“那是指伊丽莎白女王在位时期，从1558年到1603年。

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It was the height of the English Renaissance

那是英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时期。

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There will probably be a market, performances, and actors."

那里可能会有集市、表演和演员。”

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" What does renaissance mean?" Laurie asked

“文艺复兴是什么意思？”劳里问道。

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" Aren't you taking French at school?" Grandpa said teasingly." Renaissance means rebirth in French

“你不是在学校学法语吗？”爷爷逗她说。“Renaissance 在法语里是‘重生’的意思。”

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We call the period of European history from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century the Renaissance

我们把欧洲历史上从十四世纪到十六世纪这段时期称为文艺复兴

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because all of Europe changed dramatically during this time

因为在这段时间里，整个欧洲都发生了巨变。

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There was a rebirth in art, education, government, and religion

艺术、教育、政府部门和宗教都迎来了新生。

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It was also a time of great discovery in both the sciences and geography

这也是一个在科学和地理学上都有伟大发现的时代。

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The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy, in the 1300s

文艺复兴始于14世纪的意大利佛罗伦萨。

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Florence was a big trading city because it was located neatly between the Middle East, Europe, and Asia

佛罗伦萨是一个大的贸易城市，因为它恰好位于中东、欧洲和亚洲之间的便利位置。

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Many merchants, who used to be part of the lower class, became wealthy

许多曾经属于下层阶级的商人变得富有起来。

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This was the beginning of the middle class

这就是中产阶级的开端。

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They weren't nobles or royalty, and they didn't have any fancy titles to their names, but they had money to spend freely

他们不是贵族或皇室，名下也没有什么显赫的头衔，但他们有可以自由支配的钱。

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They also had free time to think, read, and enjoy life

他们也有空闲时间去思考、阅读和享受生活。

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Many scholars think this brought about a renewed interest in art and learning

许多学者认为，这使人们对艺术和学问重新产生了兴趣。

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The middle class wanted to spend their wealth on art, books, and music

中产阶级希望把财富花在艺术、书籍和音乐上。

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Wealthy families gave money to artists and asked them to make paintings and sculptures for the city

富裕的家族资助艺术家，请他们为城市创作画作和雕塑。

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Many of these artists are still admired today

这些艺术家中有许多人至今仍受人仰慕。

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Let's see, I'm sure I have a book around here somewhere..."

让我想想，我肯定在这附近有本书……

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Grandpa stood up and examined his bookshelf

爷爷站起身，查看他的书架。

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" Aha! Artists of the Italian Renaissance," he read, pulling the title from the shelf

“啊哈！《意大利文艺复兴艺术家》。”他念道，边说着边从书架上抽出这本书。

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" I'm sure you'll recognize a lot of stuff in here."

“我肯定你会在里面认出不少东西。”

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Laurie flipped through the pages." The Mona Lisa!" she exclaimed

劳里翻着书页，喊道：“《蒙娜丽莎》！”

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" Right! The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the early 1500s."

“对啦！《蒙娜丽莎》是列奥纳多·达·芬奇在十六世纪初画的。”

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Laurie turned the page." Oh! He's naked!" she cried

劳里翻了一页。“哦！他没穿衣服！”她叫了起来。

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" That's Michelangelo's famous sculpture David," Grandpa answered

“那是米开朗基罗的著名雕塑大卫，”爷爷回答。

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" During the Renaissance, artists began learning how to create more realistic images of humans

“在文艺复兴时期，艺术家们开始学习如何创作更逼真的人像。

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They studied the human body carefully, and tried to draw and sculpt what they saw

他们仔细研究人体，并尝试画下和雕刻出他们观察到的东西。

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It was really a revolution in art

这真是一场艺术革命。

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Education in Europe also developed and changed during the Renaissance

欧洲的教育在文艺复兴时期也经历了发展和变化。

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In the Middle Ages, people learned to read and write so they could study and copy the Bible

在中世纪，人们学习读写是为了研读和抄写《圣经》。

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But people of the Renaissance wanted to study books from classical Greece and Rome

但文艺复兴时期的人们想要研读古希腊和罗马的经典著作。

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This was called new learning or humanism."

这被称为新学问或人文主义。”

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" Humanism?" Laurie echoed." That's a funny word. Were they studying humans?"

“人文主义？”劳里重复道。“这个词真有趣。他们是在研究人类吗？”

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" Well, yes!" Grandpa answered." People were curious about what human beings could do with science, art, philosophy — everything!

“嗯，对！”爷爷回答，“人们那时很好奇人类在科学、艺术、哲学，啊，所有领域能做出什么来！

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They believed that humans had skills, and that these skills could be developed to perfection

他们相信人类拥有技能，而这些技能可以通过培养达到完美。

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What's one of your skills, Laurie?" Grandpa asked

劳里，你有什么技能？”爷爷问道。

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" Um, I always get As in reading," Laurie replied

“嗯，我阅读总是得A。”劳里回答。

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" So you would have been encouraged to develop that talent by reading classic Greek and Roman books

“那么你就会得到鼓励，去通过阅读古希腊和古罗马的经典著作来发展那个才能。

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Unfortunately this would only have been encouraged if you were a boy

可惜的是，这只有在你是男孩的情况下，才会被鼓励。

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Girls received just basic education and then learned to cook and sew at home

女孩们只能接受基础教育，然后在家学习烹饪和缝纫。

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Rather than going to a university at age 15, like boys did, girls would probably get married to an older man and start a family."

不像男孩们那样，到15岁可以去上大学，女孩们更可能会嫁给一个年长的男人，然后组建家庭。”

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" That's not fair." Laurie frowned

“那不公平。”劳里皱起了眉头。

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" No, it's not. But many things came out of the Renaissance that everybody, including women, could appreciate later

“是啊，确实不公平。但那时从文艺复兴中诞生了许多东西，是后来每个人，包括女性，都能欣赏和享用的。

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One of the greatest inventions was the printing press, which was created in Germany in 1440

最伟大的发明之一就是印刷机，它于1440年在德国诞生。

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Thanks to the printing press, books didn't have to be copied by hand anymore

多亏了印刷机，书籍不再需要用手抄写了。

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So they were cheaper and more people could buy them

所以书籍更便宜，更多人买得起了。

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Libraries were built and regular people, not just nobles or clergymen, learned how to read

图书馆兴建起来，普通人，而不只是贵族或神职人员，学会了阅读。

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The printing press changed European — no, human — society forever!

印刷机永远改变了欧洲——不，是人类——社会！

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Can you imagine a world without books, Laurie?"

你能想象一个没有书的世界吗，劳里？”

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Laurie shook her head forcefully." No way!"

劳里用力摇了摇头。“绝对不行！”

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" Many things were invented during the Renaissance

“文艺复兴时期发明了许多东西。

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Have you heard of the Italian Galileo Galilei?

你听说过意大利的伽利略·伽利莱吗？

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Human eyes saw the surface of the moon for the first time with his telescope

人类的双眼通过他的望远镜第一次看到了月球表面。

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He was also influential in getting people to accept the idea that the Earth moves around the sun, and not the other way around."

他还影响了人们，让大家接受地球绕着太阳转，而不是反过来。

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" Of course the Earth moves around the sun!

“地球当然是绕着太阳转的呀！

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Even I know that and I'm only in fourth grade." Laurie giggled

这连我这个才上四年级的小孩都知道。”劳里咯咯地笑了。

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" Will we see Galileo's telescope at the fair?" she asked

“我们在博览会上能看到伽利略的望远镜吗？”她问道。

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" No. Galileo was Italian and we're going to an English fair, remember?

“不能。伽利略是意大利人，我们要去的是英国博览会，记得吗？

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The Renaissance began in Italy, but later it spread to England, France, Germany, and all of Europe

文艺复兴起源于意大利，但后来传播到了英国、法国、德国和整个欧洲。

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We'll probably see actors playing famous people of the English Renaissance, like the writer William Shakespeare

我们可能会看到演员扮演英国文艺复兴时期的名人，比如作家威廉·莎士比亚。

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Or Sir John Harington, inventor of the flushing toilet — another great invention of the Renaissance!

或者是约翰·哈林顿爵士，抽水马桶的发明者——文艺复兴时期的又一项伟大发明！

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And at the market I bet we'll see barrel makers, blacksmiths, and milliners."

而且在市场里，我打赌我们会看到制桶匠、铁匠和女帽商。”

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" Millionaires!" Laurie said, surprised

“百万富翁！”劳里惊讶地说。

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" No — milliners! They make hats," Grandpa answered with a chuckle

“不是——是女帽商！做帽子的人。”爷爷笑着回答。

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" Hats and wigs were in fashion back then

“帽子和假发在当时很流行。

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In fact, anyone over age 12 was required to wear a hat

事实上，任何超过12岁的人都必须戴帽子。

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During the Renaissance, clothing was a symbol of wealth and class — by law

在文艺复兴时期，法律规定——服装是财富和阶级的象征。

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For example, nobody except the queen was allowed to wear purple

例如，除了女王，任何人都不允许穿紫色。

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And peasants weren't allowed to wear pink or gold-colored fabric!"

而且农民不允许穿粉色或金色的布料！”

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" That's crazy!" Laurie cried. She looked down at her own clothes

“太疯狂了！”劳里喊道。她低头看了看自己的衣服。

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" What are we going to wear to the fair?"

“我们去博览会要穿什么呢？”

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" Well, we could go in our regular clothes

“嗯，我们可以穿平常的衣服去。

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But it would be fun to get dressed up, wouldn't it?"

但是打扮一下会很有趣，不是吗？”

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Grandpa grinned. He grabbed a long black feather from his desk and stuck it behind her ear

爷爷咧嘴一笑。他从书桌上拿起一根长长的黑色羽毛，插在她耳朵后面。

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Laurie's eyes shined." Yeah, it would! I can't wait."

劳里的眼睛闪闪发光。“是啊，会很有趣！我等不及了。”