012 成吉思汗与蒙古人

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" Laurie, I got you something to celebrate your first horseback riding lesson," Grandpa announced, meeting Laurie at the top of the stairs." Mongolian boots!"

“劳里，我给你买了件东西，庆祝你第一次上骑马课，”爷爷在楼梯口遇到劳里时宣布道。“蒙古靴！”

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" Wow! They're pretty. But why Mongolian?" Laurie said, holding up the decorative orange and turquoise boots

“哇！挺漂亮的。但为什么要蒙古靴呢？”劳里举起那双装饰着橙色和蓝绿色的靴子说。

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" Because the Mongols have a history of being excellent horse riders!

“因为蒙古人有着优秀骑手的历史啊！

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Back in the 1200s, when their empire was the mightiest in the world, they had riding skills even your instructor would envy

早在13世纪，当他们帝国是世界上最强大的时候，他们的骑术连你的教练都会羡慕。

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They could eat, sleep, and pick up an arrow from the ground without ever getting off their horses!"

他们不用下马就能吃饭、睡觉，还能捡起地上的箭！”

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Laurie raised her eyebrows

劳里抬了抬眉毛。

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" Not only that, but they have an amazing history too," Grandpa continued

“还不止这些呢，他们还有一段了不起的历史。”爷爷继续说。

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" Would you like to hear a bit?"

“想听一点吗？”

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" Okay," Laurie answered

“好吧。”劳里回答。

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" Come on in," he said, and Laurie followed him into the study

“进来吧。”他说，于是劳里跟着他进了书房。

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" Mongolia," Grandpa began," is a country in Asia, between Russia and China

"蒙古国，"爷爷开始说道，"是亚洲的一个国家，位于俄罗斯和中国之间。"

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Its land is a mix of mountains, grasslands, and the driest desert in the world

它的地貌混合了山脉、草原和世界上最干燥的沙漠。

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Because Mongols live in such rough environments, they have become pretty tough themselves

由于蒙古人生活在如此恶劣的环境中，他们自己也变得相当坚韧。

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But they love their land and feel deeply connected to it

但他们热爱自己的土地，并与之有着深深的羁绊。

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The Mongols, you know, believe their people were created when a blue wolf and a female deer traveled to a sacred mountain in Mongolia

知道吗，蒙古人相信，他们的民族是在一头苍狼和一头母鹿去到蒙古的一座圣山时被创造出来的。

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There the two animals mated and the deer later gave birth to a human

在那里，这两只动物结合了，后来母鹿生下了一个人。

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This human was the first ancestor of the Mongols."

这个人就是蒙古人的第一位祖先。"

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Grandpa paused to lift a furry hat off the bookshelf and place it on his head

爷爷停了下来，从书架上拿起一顶毛茸茸的帽子，戴在了自己头上。

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" The early Mongols," he continued," were nomads who lived in tents and migrated seasonally with their large herds of sheep, camels, yaks, and horses

"早期的蒙古人，"他继续说道，"是游牧民族，他们住在帐篷里，随着季节带着他们成群的绵羊、骆驼、牦牛和马迁徙。"

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In summer they lived in the high steppes

夏天，他们住在高高的草原上。

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In winter they traveled to warmer, lower lands, in search of new grass for their animals

冬天，他们会迁往更温暖的低地，为牲畜寻找新的牧草。

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To the Mongols, land was sacred, so they would not plow it or settle on it

对蒙古人来说，土地是神圣的，所以他们不耕种，也不在上面定居。

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Water was sacred, so they would not bathe in it or dirty it with any of their waste

水是神圣的，所以他们不在水中洗澡，也不用任何废弃物弄脏它。

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And the sky was sacred, so they climbed to the tops of mountains to be closer to their greatest god, known as Eternal Blue Heaven

天空也是神圣的，所以他们登上山顶，以便更靠近他们至高无上的神——永恒蓝天。

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For many years the Mongols existed as separate tribes

许多年来，蒙古人以彼此独立的部落形式存在。

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Even though the Mongol tribes shared a common culture and way of life, they fought often

尽管蒙古部落有着共同的文化和生活方式，他们之间却经常争斗。

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At one point the fighting was so intense, it looked like they might all destroy each other

有一次，战斗非常激烈，看起来他们几乎要自相毁灭了。

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But then in the twelfth century, a great leader united them

但后来，在十二世纪，一位伟大的领袖把他们统一了起来。

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He built a mighty empire that connected the East and the West forever."

他建立了一个强大的帝国，将东方和西方永久地连接了起来。”

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" Who?" Laurie blurted out." Was he a Mongol?"

“是谁？”劳里脱口而出，“他是蒙古人吗？”

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" Yes. He was a Mongol named Temujin

"是的。他是个蒙古人，名叫铁木真。

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According to legend, he was born holding a blood clot in his fist

据传说，他出生时手中握着一块血块。

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This was either a sign of danger or a sign that he would be a great warrior

这要么是危险的征兆，要么预示着他将成为一名伟大的战士。

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Temujin turned out to be a strong, brave warrior

铁木真最终成为了一名强壮、勇敢的战士。

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After many battles he became the khan, or leader, of his tribe

经过多次战斗，他成为了他部落的可汗，也就是领袖。

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Once he had conquered all the neighboring tribes, he was called Genghis Khan, which means oceanic or universal leader

当他征服了所有邻近的部落后，他被尊称为成吉思汗，意为"海洋般广阔"或"普世"的领袖。

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Under Genghis Khan's leadership, the Mongol Empire expanded to include most of Asia, much of the Middle East, and a large part of modern-day Russia

在成吉思汗的领导下，蒙古帝国扩张至亚洲大部、中东地区的大部分以及现代俄罗斯的大片土地。

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It was the largest empire ever established by one man."

这是由一人建立的有史以来最大的帝国。"

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" Wow. Really?" Laurie remarked." What made him such a great leader?"

"哇，真的吗？"劳里评论道。"是什么让他成为如此伟大的领袖？"

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" Well, Genghis Khan understood what is needed to keep a stable empire:

"嗯，成吉思汗懂得维持一个稳定帝国需要什么：

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a common written language, law and order, good communication, and a strong, loyal army

一种通用的书面语言、法律与秩序、良好的通讯，以及一支强大忠诚的军队。

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He made sure the Mongols had all these things

他确保蒙古人拥有这一切。

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The Mongols never had a written language, so he chose the alphabet of one of the conquered tribes and made it the official Mongolian script

蒙古人一直都没有书面语言，于是他选用了一个被征服部落的字母，将其定为官方蒙古文字。

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Then he ordered the Mongolian cultural and social rules to be written in a book and demanded that people be punished if they disobeyed them

然后，他命令将蒙古的文化与社会规则写成一本书，并要求如果有人违反，就要受到惩罚。

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And — at a time when there were no postal systems — he built a messenger system that could quickly carry messages on horseback across long distances

此外——在那个还没有邮政系统的时代——他建立了一套信使系统，能够骑马快速传递消息，跨越长途。

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But perhaps his greatest ideas had to do with the army

但也许他最伟大的想法与军队有关。

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He separated soldiers from their fellow tribesmen so that they would be more loyal to him than to their fellow soldiers

他将士兵与他们的同部落族人分开，这样他们就会更忠于他，而不是忠于自己的战友。

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And he promoted them based on their skill rather than their social position

而且他根据他们的技能而不是社会地位来提拔他们。

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This was a revolutionary idea at the time

这在当时是一个革命性的想法。

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Genghis Khan also had the reputation of being one of his people

成吉思汗还有着“自己人”的名声。

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That means he wore the same clothes they wore, ate the same food they ate, and rode the same horses they rode

这意味着他穿他们穿的衣服，吃他们吃的食物，骑他们骑的马。

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He didn't treat himself like a king or an emperor

他并不把自己当国王或皇帝看待。

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This made him popular. When he died in 1227, a great funeral was held for him

这使他很受欢迎。1227年他去世时，人们为他举行了盛大的葬礼。

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He was buried at the mountain where the blue wolf and the deer created the first Mongol so many years ago

他被葬在那座山上，很多很多年前，蓝色的狼和鹿在那里创造了第一个蒙古人。

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But the exact location has never been found because after the funeral, eight hundred horsemen rode over the spot to destroy any sign of a grave."

但确切的地点从未被发现，因为葬礼之后，八百名骑兵骑马踏过那里，毁掉了墓穴的一切痕迹。

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" Whoa... Eight hundred horseback riders?" Laurie asked

“哇……八百名骑兵？”劳里问道。

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" Well, important men get impressive funerals, and Genghis Khan was a very important Mongol

“嗯，重要人物会有令人印象深刻的葬礼，而成吉思汗是一位非常重要的蒙古人。

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Under his leadership, the Mongol Empire left a huge impact on the world

在他的领导下，蒙古帝国对世界产生了巨大的影响。

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After being abandoned for some time, the Silk Road reopened under Genghis Khan's rule

在被废弃了一段时间后，丝绸之路在成吉思汗的统治下重新开通。

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The Mongols helped promote the transfer of goods, ideas, and culture between Asia and Europe

蒙古人帮助促进了亚洲与欧洲之间商品、思想和文化的交流。

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The Silk Road brought so many interesting items from the East to the West that Westerners became extremely curious about Asia

丝绸之路将许多有趣的物品从东方带到了西方，使得西方人对亚洲变得极其好奇。

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In the late thirteenth century, the famous Italian explorer Marco Polo traveled to China

13世纪末，著名的意大利探险家马可·波罗前往中国。

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He lived in the palace of Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan's grandson who had become the emperor of China

他住在忽必烈的宫殿里，忽必烈是成吉思汗的孙子，后来成为了中国的皇帝。

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Marco Polo's adventures inspired Christopher Columbus to sail around the world in search of a faster route to Asia

马可·波罗的冒险经历激励了克里斯托弗·哥伦布环游世界，去寻找一条通往亚洲的更快捷的路线。

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I'd say the Mongol Empire was pretty important, wouldn't you?"

要我说，蒙古帝国可是相当重要，你说呢？”

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" Yes." Laurie pulled on the boots." But more importantly, these boots are beautiful

“是的。”劳里穿上靴子。“但更重要的是，这双靴子真漂亮。

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I hope Mom lets me wear them to school

我希望妈妈能让我穿它们去上学。

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Thanks, Grandpa! Giddyap!" she cried, galloping out of the study

谢谢爷爷！驾！”她喊着，蹦蹦跳跳地跑出了书房。