019 维京人：致命的入侵者，无畏的探险家

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In 793 a monk described a frightening attack on a monastery in England

公元793年，一位修士描述了英格兰一座修道院遭遇的可怕袭击。

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Suddenly giant men jumped from the long ships

突然，巨人般的男子从长船上跳了下来。

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They were a head taller than any of us, and some had bright red hair

他们比我们谁都高出一个头，有些人头发是鲜红色的。

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They had all manner of armor and weapons, and they killed every monk they saw, even though we had no weapons. Luckily I escaped

他们身穿各式盔甲，手持各种武器，尽管我们手无寸铁，他们还是见一个修士就杀一个。幸好我逃了出来。

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When I returned to the monastery, anything made of silver or gold was gone — everything of value. Who were these strange, terrifying warriors?

等我回到修道院，凡是金银制成的东西都不见了——所有值钱的物品都没了。这些奇怪的、可怕的武士究竟是谁？

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The warriors were Vikings

这些武士是维京人。

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From the eighth to the eleventh century, the Vikings raided the coasts of Europe during an era now called the Viking Age

从八世纪到十一世纪，维京人在如今被称为维京时代的时期里，不断袭击欧洲的海岸。

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England, France, Scotland, and Ireland were prey to their attacks

英格兰、法兰西、苏格兰和爱尔兰都成为他们攻击的目标。

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The Vikings came from the Scandinavian countries in northern Europe now known as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark

维京人来自北欧的斯堪的纳维亚国家，也就是今天的挪威、瑞典和丹麦。

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They were also called Norsemen, which means men from the north

他们也被称为诺斯人，意思是“来自北方的人”。

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Viking warriors stole whatever they found and killed many people, usually attacking with iron swords and large battle-axes

维京战士抢走他们找到的任何东西，杀害许多人，通常使用铁剑和大战斧进行攻击。

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They wore skillfully made metal armor, and for defense, they carried round wooden shields with a center made of iron

他们穿着制作精良的金属盔甲，为了防御，他们手持圆木盾，盾牌中心由铁制成。

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Today many pictures show Vikings wearing helmets with horns, but this idea is an error that began in the nineteenth century

如今，许多图片显示维京人戴着有角的头盔，但这种想法是一个始于19世纪的误解。

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Most Viking warriors actually wore simple iron caps

实际上，大多数维京战士戴的是简单的铁帽。

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At home the Vikings were farmers

在国内，维京人是农民。

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They kept cattle, pigs, ducks, and chickens, and their farmlands produced crops like wheat and rye, as well as vegetables

他们饲养牛、猪、鸭和鸡，他们的农田产出小麦和黑麦等谷物，以及蔬菜。

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Early spring was a busy time as they prepared their crops for planting

早春是个忙碌的时节，因为他们要为种植作物做准备。

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With help from slaves and servants, they plowed and fertilized the fields and planted seeds for grains

在奴隶和仆人的帮助下，他们犁地、施肥，并播下谷物的种子。

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And then, after this spring work was finished, the Vikings left to attack foreign lands

然后，春季农活结束后，维京人便出发去攻打外国土地。

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The Vikings set sail in their boats to raid monasteries and villages for precious metals and for people to enslave

维京人乘船启航，去劫掠修道院和村庄，抢夺贵金属并掳人为奴。

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Carved from wood, their " longships " enabled the Vikings to travel swiftly and efficiently

他们的“长船”由木头制成，使维京人能够快速高效地航行。

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The ships were light and long, with high curves at the front and back

这些船轻巧修长，船头和船尾高高翘起。

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They had oars along their entire length and a square sail above

船的全长两侧都有桨，上方挂着一张方帆，

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so the Vikings could travel on the sea and then use the oars to make a speedy attack

因此维京人既能在海上航行，又能用桨发起迅猛攻击。

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Many of the ships also had a tall, fierce-looking dragon carved into their prows

许多船的船首还雕刻着高大、面目狰狞的龙。

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When villagers saw one of these ships approaching, they often fled in terror!

村民们一见到这种船靠近，常常吓得四散奔逃！

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Because their boats were shallow, the Vikings were also able to travel inland by river

由于船只吃水浅，维京人还能沿河深入内陆。

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Their trade routes reached deep into Europe

他们的贸易路线深入欧洲腹地。

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France, Poland, and Russia were all part of the dynamic world of Viking commerce

法国、波兰和俄罗斯都属于维京人活跃的商业世界。

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Eventually the Vikings realized that many of the countries they raided ( or traded with ) were better for farming than their own homeland

最终，维京人意识到，他们劫掠（或与之贸易）的许多国家，农耕条件比自己家乡更好。

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They began to establish forts or settlements, and from these strongholds, they continued their raids and conquered new territory

他们开始建立要塞或定居点，并继续从这些据点出发，四处劫掠、征服新的领地。

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The Vikings' ships were small, but they were very sturdy, which allowed the Vikings to travel to faraway places and become great explorers

维京人的船虽然小，却非常坚固，这让他们能够远航至遥远之地，成为伟大的探险家。

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Iceland was first settled by Vikings

冰岛最早就是由维京人定居的。

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When the famous Viking Erik the Red was banished from Iceland, he set sail in his longship in search of adventure

著名的维京人“红胡子埃里克”被逐出冰岛后，便驾驶他的长船，扬帆出海寻找新的冒险。

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He discovered Greenland, and one of his sons, Leif Erikson, was the first European to reach North America

他发现了格陵兰岛，而他的一个儿子莱夫·埃里克松，是第一个抵达北美洲的欧洲人。

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Leif sailed west of Greenland and discovered Baffin Island, Labrador, and Newfoundland almost five hundred years before Columbus reached America

莱夫从格陵兰岛向西航行，发现了巴芬岛、拉布拉多和纽芬兰，这比哥伦布到达美洲早了将近五百年。

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Strangely enough, despite their warlike manner, the Vikings often adapted to, and joined the people they conquered

说来奇怪，尽管维京人作风好战，但他们常常会适应并融入被自己征服的民族。

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Over time the Vikings who conquered England became English;

随着时间的推移，征服英格兰的维京人变成了英格兰人；

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the Vikings who conquered Normandy quickly became part of its native French-speaking population

征服诺曼底的维京人，也很快融入了当地讲法语的族群之中。

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While the Vikings were raiders and pirates, they were also traders and merchants

维京人既是掠夺者和海盗，同时也是商人和贸易者。

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Their trading ships carried fur, ivory, amber, and slaves

他们的商船上载有毛皮、象牙、琥珀和奴隶。

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The Vikings were superb metalworkers, so they exported swords and other weapons

维京人是出色的金属工匠，因此他们也出口刀剑和其他武器。

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And some Vikings worked as mercenaries. They were never a unified group; instead they were separate bands of sea pirates

还有一些维京人充当雇佣兵。他们从来不是一个统一的群体，而是各自独立的海上帮伙。

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The Vikings are often portrayed as barbaric savages, but they were well organized and had a written language called Runic

维京人常被描绘成野蛮人，但他们其实组织严密，并且拥有一种称为如尼文的书面语言。

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The Vikings' mastery of this written language helped them conquer many opponents because it allowed them to send messages with ease

维京人对这种书面语的掌握，帮助他们征服了许多对手，因为它能让他们轻松地传递信息。

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Much of their heritage survives today in the Norse sagas, which describe the adventures of their heroes and gods

他们的大部分遗产，都在记述其英雄和众神冒险故事的北欧传奇中留存至今。

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These great legends inspired famous operas and poems, written many centuries after the Viking Age ended

这些伟大的传奇故事，在维京时代结束数百年后，激发了许多著名歌剧和诗歌的创作灵感。

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The Viking heritage is still remembered today

维京人的遗产至今仍被人们铭记。

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In Scandinavia there are several Viking ship museums

在斯堪的纳维亚，有几家维京船舶博物馆，

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where people can see restored Viking ships and admire the amazing craftsmanship of these bold sailors

人们可以在那里看到修复的维京船，并欣赏这些勇敢水手令人惊叹的造船技艺。

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And many cities hold annual Viking festivals

许多城市还会举办一年一度的维京文化节。

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People can live and dress as Vikings, and craft weapons and jewelry using traditional Viking methods

人们可以像维京人一样生活和穿戴，并用传统方法制作武器和首饰。

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Some people even participate in mock Viking battles!

有些人甚至会参加模拟的维京战斗！

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During the Viking age, the " men from the north " explored distant lands — and terrorized many people

在维京时代，这些“北方来客”探索了遥远的土地——也让许多人闻风丧胆。

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With their longships and thirst for adventure, they left a permanent mark on both ship technology and European history

凭借他们的长船和对冒险的渴望，他们在造船技术和欧洲历史上，都留下了不可磨灭的印记。