008 罗马与罗马人

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" Grandpa, you're home!" Laurie cried, running into Grandpa's study." How was Italy?"

“爷爷，你回来啦！”劳里喊着跑进爷爷的书房，“意大利怎么样？”

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" Laurie! It was wonderful! I wish you could have gone too," Grandpa said

“劳里！太棒了！真希望你也去了。”爷爷说。

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" I studied many artifacts from ancient Rome that I had never seen before."

“我研究了许多以前从未见过的古罗马文物。”

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" Did you bring anything back to show me? A toga?" Laurie asked. Grandpa laughed

“你有带什么东西回来给我看吗？托加袍？”劳里问。爷爷笑了。

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" Unfortunately I couldn't bring home any togas

“可惜我没法把托加袍带回家。

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But I did put together a slide show!"

不过我确实做了个幻灯片！”

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Grandpa switched off the lights and turned on the projector

爷爷关了灯，打开了投影仪。

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" Ooh, is that Julius Caesar?" Laurie asked, looking at a picture of a statue

“哦，那是尤利乌斯·恺撒吗？”劳里看着一张雕像的照片问道。

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" No, but you're close! This is Octavian, Caesar's grandnephew, who came to power after Caesar was murdered

“不，但很接近了！这是屋大维，恺撒的甥孙，在恺撒被刺杀后掌权。

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He's more commonly known as Augustus, the first emperor of Rome."

他更广为人知的名字是奥古斯都，罗马的第一位皇帝。”

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" Wait — if he was the first emperor, who was Julius Caesar?" Laurie asked

“等等——如果他是第一位皇帝，那尤利乌斯·凯撒是谁？”劳里问道。

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" Hmm... Maybe we should start from the beginning

“嗯……也许我们该从头说起。”

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According to legend, long ago two brothers named Romulus and Remus were left in a basket on the Tiber River in present-day Italy

据传说，很久以前，有两个兄弟名叫罗慕路斯和雷穆斯，被遗弃在一个篮子里，放在今天意大利的台伯河上。

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A wolf saved the baby boys and fed them

一只母狼救了这两个男婴，并喂养了他们。

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Then a shepherd and his wife found the boys and raised them as their own

后来，一个牧羊人和他的妻子发现了他们，并把兄弟俩当作自己的孩子抚养长大。

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The two brothers grew up to be brave and strong

兄弟俩长大后变得勇敢而强壮。

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One day they decided to build a city

有一天，他们决定建造一座城市。

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But they got into a fight. Romulus killed his brother, named the city ' Rome ' after himself, and became the first king. This was in 753 BC

但两人发生了争斗。罗慕路斯杀死了弟弟，以自己的名字将城市命名为“罗马”，并成为第一位国王。这发生在公元前753年。

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A series of kings continued to rule Rome for the next 250 years or so

接下来大约250年里，一连串的国王继续统治罗马。

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But eventually Romans grew to dislike kings, because they thought kings gave themselves too much power

但最终，罗马人渐渐开始厌恶国王，因为他们认为国王给了自己太多的权力。

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Instead they formed a government run by the people, or the public, so Rome became a republic

相反，他们建立了由人民，也就是公众治理的政府，于是罗马成为一个共和国。

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Julius Caesar was the last leader of the republic

尤利乌斯·凯撒是共和国的最后一位领袖。

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When that system collapsed, Augustus began a new style of rule and became the first emperor of the new Roman Empire

当那种制度崩溃后，奥古斯都开创了新的统治方式，并成为新罗马帝国的第一位皇帝。

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Augustus was a great commander who led Rome into an age of cultural and geographical expansion

奥古斯都是一位伟大的统帅，他引领罗马进入了一个文化、疆域大扩张的时代。

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The name of the month August comes from his name, which means the great one

八月这个月份的名字就源自他的名字，意思是“伟大者”。

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People liked him because during his rule Roman civil wars finally ended

人们喜欢他，因为在他统治期间，罗马的内战终于结束了。

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A long period of peace began, and the Roman Empire grew into the most powerful empire in the world

一段长久的和平时期开启了，罗马帝国逐渐成长为世界上最强大的帝国。

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It included not only modern-day Italy, but England, France, Germany, Egypt, and Turkey as well."

它不仅包括现代的意大利，还包括英格兰、法国、德国、埃及和土耳其。”

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A new slide appeared." Ha-ha! Grandpa, is that you in a scuba suit?" Laurie said

一张新的幻灯片出现了。“哈哈！爷爷，那个穿着潜水服的是你吗？”劳里说。

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" It is! I was diving for artifacts

“是我！我当时在潜水寻找文物。

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Many Roman remains have been found underwater!

许多罗马遗迹在水下被发现！

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This is because the Romans traded mainly by sea

这是因为罗马人主要靠海路进行贸易。

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They built great ships and sailed from ports near Rome to other cities in Europe, as well as to Africa and the Middle East

他们建造了大船，从罗马附近的港口航行到欧洲其他城市，以及非洲和中东。

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But not all journeys were successful. Sunken ships full of trade items have become valuable resources for people studying ancient Rome

但并非所有航行都成功。满载贸易物品的沉船，已成为研究古罗马的宝贵资源。

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For example, these pots were discovered aboard a sunken ship

例如，这些陶罐就是在一条沉船上发现的。

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We now know they were used to carry olive oil, sauces, and wine for trade."

我们现在知道了，它们曾被用来装橄榄油、酱料和葡萄酒进行贸易。”

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" Hey, what's that?" Laurie asked, pointing at the next slide

“嘿，那是什么？”劳里指着下一张幻灯片问道。

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It looked like a picture of an old pool." It's pretty."

它看起来像一张老水池的照片。“真漂亮。”

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" Those are the ruins of a bathhouse. Bathhouses were cheap and very popular in ancient Rome

“那是浴场的废墟。在古罗马，浴场很便宜，也非常受欢迎。

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Nearly everyone went. Just like today's spas, Roman bathhouses had hot tubs, steam rooms, saunas, and cold pools to plunge into before or after your bath!

几乎人人都去。就像今天的水疗一样，罗马浴场有热水池、蒸汽房、桑拿，还有洗浴前后可以跳进去的冷水池！

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The bathhouse wasn't just somewhere to bathe

浴场不仅仅是洗澡的地方。

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It was also a place for families and friends to go and relax

它也是家人和朋友去放松的地方。

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Another popular place in Roman cities was the forum

罗马城市中另一个受欢迎的地方是广场。

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It was like the downtown area in a modern city

它就像现代城市的市中心。

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Besides being a center for politics, the forum was usually a major shopping center!

除了是政治中心，广场通常还是一个主要的购物中心！

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There you could walk along rows of merchants and craftsmen selling pottery, jewelry, spices, and wine

在那里，你可以沿着一排排售卖陶器、珠宝、香料和葡萄酒的商人和工匠散步。

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And if you got hungry, you could purchase some fast food — maybe olives, beans, and bread — from a food stand

如果你饿了，可以从食品摊买些快餐——也许是橄榄、豆子和面包。

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These are the walls of a market near the forum in ancient Rome

这些是古罗马广场附近一个市场的墙壁。

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The Romans were great builders, so many remains are still in good condition

罗马人是伟大的建造者，所以许多遗迹至今仍保存完好。

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But even though we'll never be able to see exactly how the Romans lived

但即便我们永远无法确切了解罗马人的生活，

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we hear the ancient Romans every day — in our languages!

我们每天都在听古罗马人说话——在我们的语言里！

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Their language, Latin, isn't spoken much anymore

他们的语言，拉丁语，现在已不常被使用了。

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But it is the root language for many European languages

但它却是许多欧洲语言的根源。

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We call them Romance languages because of their connection to Rome

我们称它们为罗曼语族或罗马语族，因为它们和罗马的渊源。

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Many English words come from Latin as well

许多英语单词也同样源自拉丁语。

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So even if you don't know Latin, if you know English or a Romance language, you can probably figure out what many words mean

所以即使你不懂拉丁语，如果你懂英语或一门罗曼语，很可能也能猜出许多单词的意思。

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For example, our word ' history ' comes from the Latin word historia!

比如，我们用的'history'这个词，就来自于拉丁语单词historia！

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Our language owes a lot to Roman gods and goddesses too

我们的语言也在很大程度上受惠于罗马的众神。

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Romans thought the gods lived near the heavens, and they believed the movements of the stars were gods traveling across the sky

罗马人认为众神住在天穹附近，并且相信星辰的运动就是神在天空中穿行。

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This is why many of our planets are named after gods and goddesses!

这就是为什么我们的许多行星都以男女神祇的名字命名！

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Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, and Saturn were all mighty gods

朱庇特、马尔斯、墨丘利、涅普顿和萨图恩，都是强大的神。

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And Venus was the goddess of love and beauty."

而维纳斯是爱与美之女神。”

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" Laurie, we have to leave," Laurie heard Dad call from downstairs

“劳里，我们得走了，”劳里听到爸爸在楼下喊。

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" You'll be late for your violin lesson!"

“你上小提琴课要迟到了！”

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" Uh-oh. Time to go. Thanks, Grandpa. Those were interesting photos," Laurie said

“哦哦。该走了。谢谢你，爷爷。那些照片真有趣，”劳里说。

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" Wait... it's not a toga, but I have something for you."

“等等……虽然不是罗马长袍，但我有个东西要给你。”

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Grandpa pulled a ring from his pocket

爷爷从口袋里掏出一枚戒指。

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" A ring with your initials on it

“一枚刻着你姓名首字母的戒指。

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And 2010 in Roman numerals on the inside," he said," so you'll always remember when I gave it to you."

内侧还刻着用罗马数字写的2010年，”他说，“这样你就永远会记得我是什么时候把它给你的了。”

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" Oh, thank you! I love it!" Laurie put the ring on and gave Grandpa a hug

“哦，谢谢你！我太喜欢了！”劳里戴上戒指，拥抱了爷爷。

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" Now, go! Don't keep your dad waiting." He smiled

“好了，快去吧！别让你爸爸等。”他笑着说。

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" Bye, Grandpa!"

“再见，爷爷！”