012 互联网的诞生

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The Internet─one single word names a revolution in communications and computer technology

互联网——这单单一个词，就定义了一场通信和计算机技术的革命。

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Emails arrive almost instantly. Online shoppers order everything from books to cars without leaving their homes

电子邮件几乎瞬间送达。在线购物者足不出户，就能订购从书籍到汽车的各种商品。

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Families share photos from across the world

家人们从世界各地分享照片。

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Massive amounts of information flow from one part of the world to another, as easily as water flows downhill

海量信息从世界的一处流向另一处，其容易程度就像水往低处流一样。

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The Internet has changed our lives. But how did this complex system of billions of webpages

互联网改变了我们的生活。但是，这个由数十亿网页组成的复杂系统，

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which are viewed by millions of people every hour of every day, begin?

在每一天的每一小时都被数百万人浏览，它是如何开始的呢？

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The Internet is made up of many computer networks, and it began in 1969 with the network called ARPANET

互联网由许多计算机网络组成，它始于1969年一个名为ARPANET的网络。

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ARPA stands for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which is part of the United States Department of Defense

ARPA代表高级研究计划局，它是美国国防部的一部分。

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ARPA was responsible for organizing the defense department's research

ARPA负责组织国防部的研究工作。

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ARPA needed a way to send and receive vast amounts of information all over the United States

ARPA需要一种能在全美各地收发大量信息的方法。

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Unfortunately each of the universities and businesses doing research for ARPA had its own computer system;

不幸的是，为ARPA做研究的每所大学和企业都有各自的计算机系统；

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these systems could not communicate with each other

这些系统无法相互通信。

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ARPA decided to solve this problem by creating standard rules for these computers to communicate

ARPA决定通过为这些计算机创建标准通信规则来解决这个问题。

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The result was ARPANET, which was the first computer network to link computers over long distances

结果是ARPANET，它是第一个将远距离计算机连接起来的计算机网络。

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Eventually universities started to use this network for their own purposes

最终，大学开始将这个网络用于自己的目的，

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and it was not long before university students as well as professors had their own email addresses

不久之后，大学生和教授们也有了各自的电子邮件地址。

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As the network grew and more and more computers were connected, it became the Internet

随着网络发展，越来越多的计算机连接起来，它就变成了互联网。

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The communication standards developed by ARPA are called protocols

ARPA开发的通信标准被称为协议。

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The word " protocol " comes from the world of diplomacy

“协议”这个词来自外交领域。

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In diplomacy, following protocol means following the precise rules for meeting or communicating with governments, their ambassadors, and their rulers

在外交中，遵守协议意味着遵守与政府、大使和统治者会面或沟通的精确规则。

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ARPA invented the protocols that allow computers to exchange information over the Internet

ARPA发明了能让计算机在互联网上交换信息的协议。

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Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) checks that every piece of information a computer sends is complete

传输控制协议（TCP）检查计算机发送的每一条信息是否完整。

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It is TCP that stops a computer from getting confused about what information is an email and what is a webpage

正是TCP防止计算机混淆哪些信息是电子邮件，哪些是网页。

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Internet Protocol ( IP ) ensures that every transmission is sent via the correct route and that the right data arrives at the right computer

互联网协议（IP）确保每一次传输都通过正确的路由发送，并且正确的数据到达正确的计算机。

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Not all computers are connected all the time, and often they receive more data than they can handle

并非所有计算机都始终在线，而且它们常常接收超出处理能力的数据。

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For data traveling on the Internet, this can be like finding a road blocked or getting stuck in a traffic jam

对于在互联网上传输的数据来说，这就像遇到道路堵塞或陷入交通堵塞一样。

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But Internet Protocol makes sure that every piece of data takes the fastest route to its destination

但互联网协议确保每一块数据都经最快的路径到达目的地。

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In its early years, the Internet was used only by scientists and other academics and was limited to a few simple functions

在早期，互联网仅被科学家和其他学者使用，并且仅限于少数简单功能，

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such as email and file transfers

比如电子邮件和文件传输。

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As more universities linked their computers together, researchers wanted a way to access one online document directly from another

随着更多大学将计算机连接起来，研究人员想要一种能直接从一份在线文档跳转到另一份的方法。

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It was a difficult task; a system was needed to send any file to any computer in the world, and then automatically display the needed information

这是一项艰难的任务；需要一个系统能把任何文件发送到世界上的任何计算机，然后自动显示所需信息。

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Tim Berners-Lee was a computer programmer at the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) in Switzerland

蒂姆·伯纳斯-李是瑞士欧洲核子研究组织（CERN）的一名计算机程序员。

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He wanted to make the Internet easier to use and help researchers share information

他想让互联网更易于使用，并帮助研究人员共享信息。

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In 1989 he invented the Uniform Resource Locator ( URL ) and HyperText Markup Language ( HTML )

1989年，他发明了统一资源定位符（URL）和超文本标记语言（HTML）。

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HTML is the language used to write webpages, and URLs indicate the location of files on the Internet

HTML 是用于编写网页的语言，URL 则指示互联网上文件的位置。

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By creating these two tools, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web

通过发明这两个工具，蒂姆·伯纳斯-李创造了万维网。

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He created the first website, and it is still online

他创建了第一个网站，至今仍在线。

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You can see it for yourself by clicking on its URL, which is http://www. w3. org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/News/9201. html

你可以自己点击它的 URL 来看看，网址是 http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/News/9201.html

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The first webpages contained only text

最初的网页只包含文字。

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While a text link on a page could let you download an image to your computer, there was no easy way to display an image on a webpage

虽然页面上的文字链接能让你将图像下载到计算机，但没有简单的方法在网页上显示图像。

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This changed in 1991, when Marc Andreessen created Mosaic, the first user-friendly Web browser

这一情况在1991年发生了改变，当时马克·安德森创造了Mosaic，这是第一款方便易用的网络浏览器。

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He went on to found the company Netscape in 1993

他随后于1993年创立了网景公司。

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Netscape sold a Web browser called Navigator, and it was a great success

网景公司销售一款名为“导航者”的网络浏览器，并取得了巨大成功。

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It was so successful that Microsoft built its own browser called Internet Explorer

它如此成功，以至于微软也开发了自己的浏览器，叫做Internet Explorer。

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Microsoft included its browser for free with every copy of the Windows operating system

微软将其浏览器免费包含在每一份Windows操作系统中。

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Netscape complained that this giveaway was unfair competition, but the free copies of Internet Explorer gave almost everyone an easy way to go online

网景公司抱怨这种免费赠送是不公平竞争，但免费的Internet Explorer让几乎所有人都能轻松上网。

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With both Andreessen's browser and Berners-Lee's Web protocols, anyone could visit a webpage and, more importantly, create one

凭借安德森的浏览器和伯纳斯-李的网络协议，任何人都能访问网页，更重要的是，还能创建网页。

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By 1993 more than 800,000 webpages had been created

到1993年，已有超过80万个网页被创建。

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In August 2005 over twenty billion webpages were available online

到了2005年8月，网上有超过200亿个网页可供访问。

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Use of the Internet and the World Wide Web keeps increasing every year

互联网和万维网的使用量每年都在持续增长。

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In 2005 almost 730 million people had access to the Internet according to one estimate

据一项估算，2005年有近7.3亿人能够使用互联网。

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Faster Internet speeds have also increased public and commercial interest

更快的网速也增加了公众和商业领域的兴趣。

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So many people are online that companies are spending billions of dollars advertising on webpages

上网的人如此之多，以至于各家公司都在网页广告上投入了数十亿美元。

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There is so much information on the Internet that helping people search the Internet created its two biggest companies, Google and Yahoo!

互联网上的信息浩如烟海，帮助人们搜索互联网的需求造就了它最大的两家公司：谷歌和雅虎！

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The Internet is also replacing long-established technologies

互联网也正在取代一些历史悠久的传统技术。

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To a great extent, email has replaced letter writing

在很大程度上，电子邮件已经取代了书信。

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By connecting a headphone and microphone to their computers, people can speak with each other over the Internet, replacing the need for a telephone

通过将耳机和麦克风连接到电脑，人们就能通过互联网互相交谈，取代了电话的需求。

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Video chatting is allowing people to meet online, instead of having to fly long distances

视频聊天让人们可以在线会面，而无需长途飞行。

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The Internet has changed our lives. We count on it for business and personal communication

互联网改变了我们的生活。无论是商务沟通还是个人交流，我们都依赖它。

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We turn to it for news and entertainment

我们向它寻求新闻和娱乐。

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In the few short years since its invention, it has reshaped modern life

自其诞生以来的短短数年里，它已重塑了现代生活。

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With faster and faster speeds and new wireless technologies, who knows where it will take us tomorrow?

随着速度越来越快以及新无线技术的出现，谁知道它明天又会将我们带向何方呢？